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| Developer(s) | Microsoft |
|---|---|
| Initial release | February 1, 2021[1] |
Microsoft Azure Quantum is a public cloud computing platform that provides access to quantum hardware and software.[1][2] The platform includes multiple quantum hardware modalities such as trapped ion, neutral atom, and superconducting systems.[3]
Azure Quantum Elements software uses AI, high-performance computing and quantum processors to run molecular simulations and calculations in computational chemistry and materials science.[3]
Microsoft is developing a topological quantum computer based on Majorana zero modes.[4][1]
History
editIn 2000, physicist Alexei Kitaev proposed using Majorana particles for topological quantum computing.[5][6]
Michael Freedman and Kitaev authored a paper in 2002 demonstrating how a topological quantum computer could perform any computation that a conventional quantum computer could.[7]
In 2005, Sankar Das Sarma, Freedman and Chetan Nayak proposed creating a topological qubit using the fractional quantum Hall effect.[8]
In 2006 and 2008, Sarma, Freedman and Nayak developed theoretical proposals for topological quantum computing based on non-abelian anyons.[9][10]
In 2015, Microsoft developed its theoretical framework of Majorana zero modes for information processing through braiding-based topological quantum computing.[11]
Microsoft released Q#, a programming language for quantum algorithms in 2017.[1]
Azure Quantum was officially released for public preview in 2021.[1]
In 2023, Azure Quantum researchers found evidence consistent with the creation and control of Majorana quasiparticles for topological quantum computing.[12][4]
In 2024, Microsoft created 4 logical qubits from 30 physical qubits, demonstrating resilient quantum computing with reliable logical qubits while reducing the logical error rate by 800x compared to the physical error rate.[13]
Hardware
editMicrosoft is developing a topological quantum computer with qubits that are inherently resistant to error. The approach is based on Majorana quasiparticles, which act as their own antiparticle and have a charge and energy equal to zero, making qubits that are more resilient to disturbances.[3][4]
In 2023, Microsoft introduced three levels of implementation for quantum computing: Foundational (noisy physical qubits), Resilient (reliable logical qubits), and Scale (quantum supercomputers).[3][14]
In 2024, Microsoft developed a qubit virtualization system that used active syndrome extraction to complete over 14,000 error-free experiments on a trapped ion quantum computer. Improving upon the physical error rate by 800 times, the quantum error correction technique created 4 reliable logical qubits from 30 physical qubits.[13]
Later that year, Photonic and Microsoft performed a teleported CNOT gate between qubits physically separated by 40 meters, confirming remote quantum entanglement between T-centers - a first requirement for long-distance quantum communication.[15]
Software
editIn 2021, Azure Quantum developed Q# (pronounced Q Sharp), a quantum programming language, and an open-source quantum development kit for algorithm development and simulation.[1]
The Azure Quantum Resource Estimator estimates resources required to execute a given quantum algorithm on a fault-tolerant quantum computer.[16]
In 2023, Azure Quantum Elements added Copilot, a GPT-4 based large language model tool to query and visualize data, write code, and initiate simulations.[3]
The same year, Microsoft developed Quantum Intermediate Representation (QIR) from LLVM as a common interface between programming languages and target quantum processors.[17]
Benchmarking
editIn 2023, Microsoft introduced a benchmark for quantum computer performance called reliable Quantum Operations Per Second [rQOPS], which combines three metrics: logical error rates, clock speed and a number of reliable qubits.[14]
rQOPS is calculated as rQOPS=Q x f, at a corresponding logical error rate pL., where Q is the number of logical qubits and f is the logical clock speed.[14]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Leprince-Ringuet, Daphne (1 Feb 2021). "Microsoft's quantum cloud computing plans take another big step forward". ZDNet. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
- ^ Gillis, Alexander. "What is Azure Quantum?". Tech Target. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Russell, John (22 Jun 2023). "Microsoft Debuts Azure Quantum Elements and Azure Quantum Copilot LLM". HPCwire. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
- ^ a b c Padavic-Callghan, Karmela (21 Jun 2023). "Microsoft says its weird new particle could improve quantum computers". New Scientist. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
- ^ Kitaev, Alexei (2001). "Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires". Physics-Uspekhi. 44 (10S): 131–136. arXiv:cond-mat/0010440. doi:10.1070/1063-7869/44/10S/S29. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ "Microsoft hopes to build topological quantum computer". Retrieved 2024-08-27.
- ^ Freedman, Michael; Kitaev, Alexei; Larsen, Michael; Wang, Zhenghan (2002). "Topological Quantum Computation". American Mathematical Society. 40: 31–38. arXiv:quant-ph/0101025. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2005). "Topologically Protected Qubits from a Possible Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall State". Physical Review Letters. 94 (16): 166802. arXiv:cond-mat/0412343. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94p6802D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.166802. PMID 15904258. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2006). "Topological quantum computation". Physics Today. 59 (7): 32–38. Bibcode:2006PhT....59g..32S. doi:10.1063/1.2337825. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven H.; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Das Sarma, Sankar (2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation". Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (3): 1083–1159. arXiv:0707.1889. Bibcode:2008RvMP...80.1083N. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ Sarma, Sankar Das; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2015). "Majorana zero modes and topological quantum computation". npj Quantum Information. 1: 15001. Bibcode:2015npjQI...115001S. doi:10.1038/npjqi.2015.1. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ Aghaee, Morteza; et al. (2023). "InAs-Al hybrid devices passing the topological gap protocol". Physical Review B. 107 (24): 245423. arXiv:2207.02472. Bibcode:2023PhRvB.107x5423A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.107.245423. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ a b David, Emilia (8 Apr 2024). "Microsoft says it's cracked the code on an important quantum computing problem". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
- ^ a b c Finke, Doug; Shaw, David (21 Sep 2023). "A Deeper Dive Into Microsoft's Topological Quantum Computer Roadmap". Quantum Computing Report. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ "Photonic Inc. Demonstrates Distributed Entanglement Between Two Modules Separated by 40 Meters of Fiber". Quantum Computing Report. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ Swayne, Matt (29 Jun 2024). "The Azure Quantum Resource Estimator: An In-Depth Look at an Important Quantum Tool". The Quantum Insider. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ Krill, Paul (29 Sep 2020). "Microsoft taps LLVM for quantum computing". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2024-07-25.