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| Submission declined on 27 March 2024 by 14 novembre (talk). This submission reads more like an essay than an encyclopedia article. Submissions should summarise information in secondary, reliable sources and not contain opinions or original research. Please write about the topic from a neutral point of view in an encyclopedic manner.
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This draft has been resubmitted and is currently awaiting re-review. |  |
| Submission declined on 7 February 2024 by WikiDan61 (talk). This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are:
This submission reads more like an essay than an encyclopedia article. Submissions should summarise information in secondary, reliable sources and not contain opinions or original research. Please write about the topic from a neutral point of view in an encyclopedic manner. | |
Comment: Scheduled monuments do not appear to have the same notability as listed buildings, there being 950 in Powys alone, almost none of which have standalone articles. If better notability can be established, I still recommend removing the "Introduction to early medieval castles in Wales" section, as this historical information is already sufficiently covered in Castles in Great Britain and Ireland, and serves here only to artificially promote this particular monument's importance. WikiDan61ChatMe!ReadMe!! 18:59, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
Llanthomas Castle Mound edit
| Llanthomas Castle Mound | |
|---|---|
 Llanthomas Castle Mound | |
  Llanthomas Castle Mound Location within Powys | |
| Principal area | |
| Preserved county | |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | HEREFORD |
| Postcode district | HR3 |
| Dialling code | 01497 |
| Police | Dyfed-Powys |
| Fire | Mid and West Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
| UK Parliament | |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament | |
| Reference no. | Cadw BR078 CPAT PRN443 |
| Height | 3.5 m | Summit diameter | 9.0 m | Base diameter | 24.0 m |
Cadw have described Llanthomas Castle Mound (LCM) as an important relic of medieval architecture which might extend knowledge of medieval defensive practices [1].
The tudor antiquarian John Leyland (1503-1552) described LCM as a defensive architecture (after translation from Latin and Tudor English) [2] [3].
LCM was built by the Normans after the Norman conquest of England. It is a first generation motte and bailey castle design (i.e. earth and timber) and was built around 1066-1215 [1] [4].
Earth and timber castles had a wooden watchtower (i.e. the keep) on the summit of the motte, a wooden palisade fence around the bailey (i.e. the courtyard) and a deep ditch surrounding the bailey.
A millennium later all the above ground wood has perished. LCM today comprises the motte, a ditch and buried masonry underpinning part of the wooden fence surrounding the bailey [1]. Traces of the possible site of the bailey have been found to the south-east of the motte [5].
Toponymy edit
“Llan” is the Welsh word for the sacred land around a church [6]. Llanthomas translates to Thomas church.
Sites where there is no current evidence of the former bailey are named castle mounds, or tumps or twts [7].
Until recently the grazing meadow surrounding the motte was called Bailey Court [3]. The words bailey and court are of Norman origin [8].
LCM alternative names edit
There have been many antiquarian and modern sources that reference LCM [9] [10] with names reflecting the close proxity to Llanigon and Hay-on-Wye e.g.
- Llanthomas Motte [2] [11],
- Llanthomas [12],
- Llanthomas Mound [13],
- Llanigon Castle [14] [15],
- Hay No.3 [9] ,
- and Hay Rural [10].
Some antiquarian sources allude to LCM e.g.
- the tumulus on the brook below Llanthomas [16] [17],
- the mound at Llanigan Castle [18]
- and the mound in Bailey Court [3] etc.
Location edit
LCM [19] is located in Wales about 2 miles from the border with England, in the area known as the Welsh Marches [20].
LCM is near the village of Llanigon , Powys, Wales and about 2 miles from Hay-on-Wye. LCM is on Llanthomas lane, as is Hay Festival fields. LCM is on a private property but can be viewed from Llanthomas lane (opposite the walled Llanthomas gardens [21], once part of Llanthomas [22]) .
LCM is in the foothills of Hay Bluff in Bannau Brycheiniog (previously known as the Brecon Beacons), LCM was in the historic county of Brecknockshire/Breconshire which became Powys in 1974.
LCM is on the Middle Wye Valley. The site for LCM may have been chosen because it occupied a high point overlooking the River Wye less than a mile away. The fording point Little Fford Fawr [23] is located between LCM [24] and the south bank of the river.
The remains of other Norman castles near LCM include:
- 1.1 miles: Llowes Castle/Llowes Motte/Llowes Castle Tump [25];
- 1.5 miles: Hay-on-Wye Motte (c.f. "First castle" [26] and "Stone Castle" [27]);
- 2.0 miles: Clyro Castle;
- 2.2 miles: Glasbury Motte c.f. ("Glasbury Castle");
- 2.5 miles: Cusop Castle (c.f. "Cusop Castle", "Mouse Castle");
- 2.7 miles: Aberllynfi Castle/Great House Mound [28];
- 2.8 miles: Castle Kinsey [29];
- 3.9 miles: Clifford Castle;
- 4.5 miles: Painscastle Castle; Boughrood Motte;
- 5.0 miles: Bronllys Castle.
| OS Map Grid Reference | SO 2091 4036 |
| what3words | provoking.rave.longer |
| Postcode | HR3 5PU |
| Latitude: 52.056 | Longitude: -3.1548 |
| Latitude: 52° 3' 21"N | Longitude: 3° 9' 17"W |
| OS Eastings: 320919 | OS Northings: 240366 |
| Mapcode National GBR F0.DL2G |
Cadw scheduled report for LCM edit
Cadw perform a role in Wales, similar to that of English Heritage in England, and are a division of the Welsh Government. The Cadw scheduled report for LCM (BR078 [1]) states that there is a “strong possibility” that LCM and the scheduled area has “both structural evidence and intact associated deposits”. The report concludes that it is “an important relic of the medieval landscape”.
Clwyd–Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT) record for LCM edit
Cadw collaborates with the 4 Welsh archaeological trusts, who maintain regional historic environment records on behalf of the Welsh government. That is, Dyfed Archaeological Trust, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust and Clwyd–Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT). The CPAT records for LCM include Cadw reports going back to 1986: PRN: 443 (1986) [30], 38278 (1988) [31], 2586 (1995) [32].
Coflein record for LCM edit
Coflein is an online database known as the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW). The historical archive aggregates registered files produced by Cadw (founded in 1984) and before from the Ministry of Works, and the Department of the Environment. The archive is stored in the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth. The archive record for LCM (NPRN: 306308 [33]) includes reports going back to nearly a 100 years: 6057064, 6054097, 6064626, 6140925, 6140927, 6359576, 6464877, 6140926, 6140924, 6054098, 6059886, 6519900.
LCM Excavations edit
In 1921, the Rev W.E.T. Morgan, Vicar at the pre-conquest church of St. Eigon, Llanigon [34], and an amateur archaeologist hosted a visit from the Woolhope club [3]. He dug a small excavation trench on the summit of the motte, but no artefacts were discovered [35]. There is no record of any professional level archaeological excavation or geophysical survey of LCM.
A professional excavation of a possible site for the bailey revealed activity associated with the motte (1988). A number of artefacts were found including a sherd from the base of a medieval cooking pot, and a pitt filled with charcoal suggested a kitchen area within the bailey [5]. A private bungalow has since been built over the site [36]
History edit
When appropriate the Normans speeded up castle construction by building on existing Iron age or Bronze age hillforts, Roman ruins and ditches, which enhanced the castle's defensive architecture. Some antiquarian scholars believed that LCM is built on an Iron Age tumulus [16] [37] [38] [15]. LCM is likely to have been be built of sandstone and limestone which was quaried locally [39].
The second Norman invasion of Wales was led by the Norman lord Bernard de Neufmarché (c.1050–c.1125). Brycheiniog was conquered around 1088 to 1095 and then divided into lesser lordships (e.g. Llanthomas), and gifted to the knights who contributed to the conquest [40]. Llanthomas lordship was part of the lordship of Hay, owned by William Revel, one of Bernard de Neufmarché knights [14]. Revel may have built Hay-on-Wye Castle Motte, near St. Marys church in Hay-on-Wye [41] [42].
LCM existed from the early days of the Norman conquest [4] [43] [44] and was part of the lordship of Llanthomas [14]. Local historians have suggested that one of the first lords of the manor might have been William de Ferre, Earl of Derby (c.1138 - c.1189) [14].
In the 14th century, LCM is known to belong to Llanthomas manor which also had a proprietary church. The proprietary church had disappeared by the 18th century[45]. It is not known when LCM was sold as part of a parcel of land for farming.
The first documented lord of the manor was Walter Devereux (1488 -1558). He inherited Llanthomas in 1509 [46] [47]. Later known owners include: William Thomas (c.1524 - 1554), Lettice Devereux, nee Knollys (1543 – 1634), William Watkins (died 1702), Thynne Howe Gwynne (c.1780 - 1855), Sir William Pilkington (1775 – 1850), Rev. William Jones Thomas (1811 – 1886). Thomas family members inherited Llanthomas, and lived in the manor house up to 1954 when it was knocked down.
Notable people edit
- William de Ferre, Earl of Derby (c.1138 - c.1189) married to Sibyl de Braose (died c.1227) the daughter of William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber and Bertha of Hereford [14]. William took part in the failed rebellion against Henry II and was subsequently imprisoned in Caen. He regained the confidence of Henry II, and demonstrated his fidelity to Richard I, the next sovereign. He died in battle on the 3rd crusade to the Holy Land.
- Walter Devereux (1488 -1558) Earl Ferrers, 10th Baron Ferrers of Chartley, 1st Viscount Hereford [48] [47]. Walter was a parliamentarian and courtier.
- John Leyland (1503 - 1552) was a Tudor antiquarian, poet, archaeologist, and was a chaplain to King Henry VIII. He is known as the “father of English local history” and is a primary source for British history scholars. He visted Llanthomas Castle Mound around 1536-1539.
- William Thomas (c.1524 - 1554). An avowed Protestant, he was found guilty of treason, plotting to murder the Catholic Queen Mary I. He was committed to the Tower of London. drawn upon a sled to Tyburn, where he was hanged, beheaded, and quartered. His head was placed on London Bridge.
- Lettice Devereux, nee Knollys (1543 – 1634). Viscountess Hereford, and Countess of Leicester. Lettice was married to Walter Devereux (1541 – 1576), 1st Earl of Essex, 2nd Viscount Hereford, 11th Baron Ferrers of Chartley. On Waters death she married Elizabeth I’s favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. In a fit of jealously the Queen permanently banished Lettice from the Royal court.
- William Watkins (died 1702). In 1672 an act of parliament allowed non-conformist groups to meet in their own homes. The Llanigon Dissenters held meetings at Penyrwyrlodd, his other mansion in Llanigon. Honor his wife (died 1734) lived in Llanthomas. Their son John was wounded in a duel, leading to his opponents death. Fearing capture, he hid in Hay Castle but died in search of another hiding place. A descendent also called William Watkins, lived in Llanthomas in 1772.
- Thynne Howe Gwynne (c.1780 - 1855). Lieutenant in the Regiment of the Dragoon Guards. Married to Hon. Georgianna Marianna Devereux, daughter of George the 13th Viscount Hereford of Tregoyd. He bought Llanthomas (1814), and became Sheriff for Breconshire (1829).
- Sir William Pilkington (1775 – 1850). 8th Baronet. Sold Llanthomas for £8000 to the Rev. William Jones-Thomas (1858).
- Rev. William Jones Thomas (1811 – 1886). Vicar at St. Eigons, Llanigon (1859 - 1886) [49]. JP for Hereford, Brecon and Radnor. His family were unable to meet the running costs of Llanthomas. The estate was sold-off in parts e.g. Llanthomas farm (1922). The manor house was demolished for the lead roofing (1954). William rejected suitors for 3 of his daughters, possibly because they were not wealthy enough to help sustain the estate. The known suitors include:
- Rev Robert Francis Kilvert (1840–1879) who was the curate of Clyro. In 1871, he sought permission to marry Frances Eleanor Jane Thomas. Kilvert nicknamed her Daisy, and her family nicknamed her Fanny.
- Rev William E.T. Morgan (1837-1940) who was the curate of Glasbury, and became the Vicar of St. Eigons (1887 - 1923) after William. He sought permission to marry Charlotte Alice Thomas.
Online references to LCM edit
Online lists of medieval period castles in Wales, that include LCM:
- List of the medieval fortified sites of the historic county of Brecknockshire [50] including LCM [51].
- List of tumps c.f. c.f. LCM.
- List of Castles in Wales c.f. Llanthomas Castle Motte.
- Welsh Castle Database [52] c.f. Llanthomas Motte.
- The Castle Guide [53] – a selection of castles from around the UK c.f. Llanthomas Motte.
- Historical Britain - Mottes [54] c.f. Llanthomas Motte.
- Anglo-Norman Castles [55] c.f. Llanthomas.
- Where to Photograph Castles in Brecknockshire [56] c.f. Llanthomas.
- Castles in Wales [57] c.f. LCM, etc.
Other online sites that reference LCM include:
Antiquarian books with references to LCM edit
- Leyland, John (1906). The itinerary in Wales, 1536-1539 (Lucy Toulmin Smith ed.) [2].
- Poole, Edwin (1886) [63]. The Illustrated History and Biography of Brecknockshire from the Earliest Times to the Present Day [64].
- Lewis, Samuel (1833). A topographical dictionary of Wales, Vol 1 [65].
- Lewis, Samuel (1833). A topographical dictionary of Wales, Vol 2.[66].
Modern books with references to LCM edit
- Remfry, Paul Martin (1999, p 122). Castles of Breconshire: No. 8. Herefordshire: Logaston Press. ISBN 978-1-873827-80-2 .
- Salter, Mike (2001, p 29). The Castles of Mid Wales (2nd ed.). Folly Publications. ISBN 1-871731-48-8.
- Morgan, Gerald (2013, p 232). Castles in Wales - a Handbook (1st ed.). Y Lolfa. ISBM 978-1-84771-031-4
Selected journal articles with references to LCM edit
- D. J. Cathcart King. The Castles of Breconshire [9].
- D. J. Cathcart King. Castellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales, and the Islands: Vols 1-2 [67].
- Ministry of Works. List Of Ancient Monuments In England And Wales [10].
- Lloyd, John Edward (1903). Historical memoranda of Breconshire; a collection of papers from various sources relating to the history of the County [68].
References edit
- ^ a b c d "Scheduled Monument - Full Report - HeritageBill Cadw Assets - Reports". cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
- ^ a b c Leyland, John (1906). The itinerary in Wales, 1536-1539 (Lucy Toulmin Smith ed.). p. 108.
- ^ a b c d Morgan, W.E.T. Morgan (1921). "TRANSACTIONS 1921 The Woolhope Club I Further notes on the parish of Llanigon I Page 13". www.woolhopeclub.org.uk. p. 14. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
- ^ a b "Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - Community Heritage". cpat.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
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- ^ Salter, Mike (2001-03-01). The Castles of Mid Wales (2nd ed.). Folly Publications. p. 29. ISBN 1-871731-48-8.
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