The Fiat Tipo 15 is a light military truck produced by Fiat Veicoli Industriali. Introduced in 1911, the Tipo 15 was used by the Royal Italian Army in the Italo-Turkish War and in the First World War.[1][additional citation(s) needed] It was also produced in the Soviet Union as the AMO F-15.[2][3]

Fiat 15
FIAT 15 Ter (1911-1920)
Overview
ManufacturerFiat Veicoli Industriali
Also calledFiat Tipo 15
Production1911 - 1922
DesignerCarlo Cavalli
Body and chassis
ClassTruck
Powertrain
Engine
  • Fiat Brevetti 15/20
  • Fiat 53A
Dimensions
Length4,545 to 4,750 mm (178.9 to 187.0 in)
Width1,740 mm (69 in)
Height2,650 to 2,700 mm (104 to 106 in)
Chronology
PredecessorFiat 28-40 HP
SuccessorFiat 502, Fiat 18, SPA 25C

Creation and design

edit

In 1909, the Royal Italian Army requested a light multi-role truck to transport personnel and materials. Designed by Carlo Cavalli, the Fiat Veicoli Industriali presented the Fiat 15.[4] This new model inaugurates a technical novelty on this type of vehicle: the fuel pump replacing a gravity feed.

The truck entered military service in 1911 as the Fiat 15 bis and was heavily utilized in the Italo-Turkish War. It was nicknamed "Libya", because it was intended for use in this colony.[1] Subsequently, in 1913, the Fiat 15 Ter, equipped with a more powerful engine, was introduced.

During the First World War, its production for the armed forces was joined by that of the Fiat 18.[4]

The chassis of the civilian truck was also namely used for the preparation of buses and fire engines for the civic firefighters.[citation needed] From 1918, an armored car, called Fiat Terni and based on the Fiat 15 Ter truck chassis, was developed and exclusively used in Libya, earning it the name Fiat Terni-Tripoli.[5]

Technology

edit

The Fiat 15 chassis is mounted on four-spoke wheels, at the front and back. The engine on the Fiat 15 is a 3,053 cm3 (186.3 cu in) four-cylinder petrol Fiat Brevetti 15/20 unit, innovative at the time due to the presence of a fuel pump instead of relying on gravity feed. The Fiat 15 bis maintains the same engine, while the Fiat 15 ter is fitted with a more powerful 4,398 cm3 (268.4 cu in) Fiat 53A petrol engine[a] and steel disc wheels.[citation needed]

Military use

edit
 
Civilian Fiat 15 loaded with wool bales, south of Winton, Queensland, ca.1915

Italy

edit

The Fiat 15 was the stalwart of the first motorization of the Italian armed forces and the Royal Army acquired all versions of the truck in many configurations, including ambulance, garage, and fire engine. Alongside its use as a logistic means, Italy was the first country to use the motor vehicle directly in combat.[6]

In fact, the Fiat 15 bis was used as the basis for the construction of the armored car Fiat Arsenale,[7] used in the Italo-Turkish war together with the Bianchi. After the Great War, the Fiat-Terni Tripoli bus was produced on the chassis of the Fiat 15 ter by the steel mills of Terni. During this campaign, the squadrons were also motorized with numerous Fiat 15 ter trucks (defined at the time as "tanks"), protected with armored metal plates and armed with three Schwarzlose machine guns with 15,000 rounds, conducted by a crew of four men.[8]

In 1918, the Italian army counted 8,206 Fiat 15 trucks in its ranks, including 710 in sanitary version.[citation needed]

France

edit

In 1907, the French Ministry of War had decided to reserve its orders to national manufacturers only. But in October 1914, it was realized that national production could not satisfy the needs of the French Army; 2,585 vehicles were delivered by the French national manufacturers in 1914. As such, foreign designs were pursued by the French government to fulfill its remaining vehicle deficit, and the Fiat 15 and 18 trucks were supplied by Fiat to serve in the French Army throughout the First World War.[citation needed]

A first order for 500 units of the Fiat 15 came through in December 1914, followed by a second order for 600 vehicles in January 1915. On 30 June 1915, there were 635 Fiat 15 trucks in service with the French Army. On 31 May 1918, 839 trucks were assigned to aviation squadrons.[citation needed]

Other countries

edit

The Fiat 15 Ter was used by several other armies during the First World War. The United Kingdom obtained 386 trucks, while the United States received only 200, despite an order for 4,000 units.[citation needed]

Many copies were also delivered to Russia; 1,319 trucks were assembled at the AMO factory in Moscow between 1917 and 1919 with parts supplied by Fiat. The Fiat 15 Ter was then manufactured under license by AMO under the name of AMO F-15, with 6,285 trucks built between 1924 and 1931.[2][3]

Technical features

edit
Model Type Years of production Motor type Displacement (cm³) Power PTC (in tons)
Fiat 15/20 HP Base "Brevetti Tipo 2" Frame 1909 - 1910 Fiat Brevetti 15/20 3,053 cm3 (186.3 cu in) 16 hp (12 kW) 1.2
Fiat Tipo 15 Chassis, Bus 1911 - 1912 Fiat Brevetti 15/20 3,053 cm3 (186.3 cu in) 20 hp (15 kW) 2.5
Fiat Tipo 15 bis Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance 1912 - 1913 Fiat 15/20 HP 3,053 cm3 (186.3 cu in) 20 hp (15 kW) 3.1
Fiat Tipo 15 Ter Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance 1913 - 1922 Fiat 53A 4,398 cm3 (268.4 cu in) 40 hp (30 kW) 3.95
Fiat Tipo 15 Ter - Military Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance 1913 - 1922 Fiat 53A 4,398 cm3 (268.4 cu in) 36 hp (27 kW) 3.75
AMO-ZIL F-15 Manufactured in Russia under license (Fiat 15 Ter) 1924 - 1931 Fiat 53A 4,398 cm3 (268.4 cu in) 40 hp (30 kW) 4.0
Fiat Bertone Type 15 Ter Bus 1921 - 1922 Fiat 53A 4,398 cm3 (268.4 cu in) 40 hp (30 kW) 3.95
Fiat 502F Truck, chassis 1923 - 1926 Fiat 101 1,460 cm3 (89 cu in) 23 hp (17 kW) 2.07

The total production in Italy of the Fiat 15 Bis and 15 Ter models between 1911 and 1922 was 26,714 units. There is no data regarding the production of the civilian base version 15.[citation needed]

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The top speed increased from 35 to 40 km/h (22 to 25 mph)

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Bekele, Shiferaw; Volterra, Alessandro; Zaccaria, Massimo (2018). The First World War from Tripoli to Addis Ababa (1911-1924). Addis-Ababa: Centre français des études éthiopiennes. p. 162. ISBN 9791036523786. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b Siegelbaum, Lewis H. (2011). Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780801461484.
  3. ^ a b Shugurov, Lev Mikhaĭlovich (1994). Avtomobili Rossii i SSSR (Klub fanatov tekhniki) (Russian ed.). Prostreks. p. 52. ISBN 5874830049.
  4. ^ a b Casarola, Maurizio (2018). Domani si va all'assalto: Protagonisti della Grande Guerra cento anni dopo (in Italian). Infinito Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-6861-298-6.
  5. ^ Cappellano, Filippo; Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2018). Italian Armoured & Reconnaissance Cars 1911–45. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4728-2435-6.
  6. ^ Crow, Duncan; Icks, Robert Joseph (1 October 1976). Encyclopedia of Armoured Cars and Half-Tracks. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books. ISBN 978-0890090589.
  7. ^ WWI: The First Mechanized War. AK-Interactive, S.L. p. 84.
  8. ^ Bonaiti, Emilio. "IT.CULTURA.STORIA.MILITARE ON-LINE: Articoli: Ricerche: Storia Contemporanea: La riconquista della Libia" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 9 June 2021.

Further reading

edit
  • Davies, Peter J. (2002). The World Encyclopedia of Trucks. Hermes House. ISBN 978-1843094722.
  • Bossi, Paolo (2000). Cent'anni di camion Fiat (in Italian). Fondazione Negri. ISBN 978-8890095559.