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Crime in Oakland, California

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Crime in Oakland, California began to rise during the late 1960s after the King assassination riots, and by the end of the 1970s Oakland's per capita murder rate had risen to twice that of San Francisco or New York City.[2] In 1983, the National Journal referred to Oakland as the "1983 crime capital" of the San Francisco Bay Area.[3] Crime continued to escalate during the 1980s and 1990s,[4] and during the first decade of the 21st century Oakland has consistently been listed as one of the most dangerous large cities in the United States.[5]

Oakland
Crime rates* (2018)
Violent crimes
Homicide16.2
Rape163.4**
Robbery609.9
Aggravated assault543.4
Total violent crime1273.7
Property crimes
Burglary556.4
Larceny-theft3655.0
Motor vehicle theft1178.7
Arson56.94
Total property crime5390.1
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

** Revised definition.[1]

Source: FBI 2018 UCR data

The number of Oakland homicides peaked in 1992, when there were 175 homicides.[6][7] From the period 1987 to 2012, crime declined significantly, but the city continued to struggle with persistently high rates of homicide and violent crime,[8] fluctuating over time.[9]

Among Oakland's 35 police patrol beats, violent crime remains a serious problem in specific East and West Oakland neighborhoods. In 2008, homicides were disproportionately concentrated: 72% occurred in three City Council districts, District 3 in West Oakland and Districts 6 and 7 in East Oakland, even though these districts represent only 44% of Oakland's residents.[10]

Homicide rates

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Oakland Homicides[a]
1992 175[6]
1995 153[7]
1996 102[7]
2000 85[13]
2001 87[13]
2002 113[13]
2003 114[13]
2004 88[13]
2005 94[13]
2006 148[13]
2007 127[13]
2008 125[13]
2009 110[13]
2010 95[13]
2011 110[13]
2012 131[13]
2013 92[13]
2014 86[14]
2015 83[15]
2016 85[15]
2017 72[16]
2018 75[12]
2019 78[11]
2020 109[11]
2021 134[17]
2022 120[18]
2023 126[19]

The rate at which Oakland Police Department homicide investigations were successfully solved (the "clearance rate") was 42% in 2009, 30% in 2010, and 29% in 2011, much lower than the California statewide rate of 63.8%.[20] A 2012 article in the East Bay Times attributed the low clearance rate in part due to understaffing of the police department and in part to the management dysfunction at the police department, and stated that "In a city where police officers consume more than 40 percent of the municipal budget, are among the city's highest-paid employees, and have exerted an outsized influence on Oakland politics, the department's ability to perform its core missions — solve violent crime, catch criminals, and keep the public safe — is highly questionable."[20] Crime experts said that the city's low homicide clearance rate undermined efforts to control violence.[20] The Oakland Police Department (OPD) had 14 homicide detectives in 2010 and nine homicide detectives in 2011.[21] A 2007 report by the Urban Strategies Council found than more than 80% of homicide victims in Oakland from 2001 to 2006 were male, and that over the five years, an average of 77% of homicide victims and 64.7% of homicide suspects were African Americans.[22]

Crime dynamics

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A parked car in Oakland with a sign asking would-be thieves not to smash the windows

Total crime in Oakland dropped by 41% from 1987 to 2012. In 2012, Oakland had the highest total crime rate of any California city with 20,000 or more people, with 8,587 total crimes per 100,000 residents, compared to a statewide average of 3,182 total crimes per 100,000 people.[8] Property crime in Oakland declined by 58% between 1988 and 2009, increased from 2009 to 2012 (a period when the property crime rate remained stable in comparable cities and statewide).[8]

Robbery rates in Oakland declined by 60% in the seven years between 1993 and 2000, but thereafter increased, more than doubling between 2000 and 2012.[8] In 2012, there was one robbery per 91 residents, the highest rate in the United States.[23] Carjackings occur two to three times more frequently in Oakland than in other cities of comparable size, and police have recorded at least one reported carjacking in every Oakland neighborhood; in 2005–2007, there were 884 carjackings in Oakland and 334 carjackings in San Francisco, despite San Francisco having about twice as many residents as Oakland.[24]

Crime against the city's taco truck vendors in the Fruitvale district came under scrutiny after the killing of a vendor's 5-year-old son in December 2011. Some truck vendors responded by hiring armed security guards, citing continual robberies and ineffective police response times.[25]

As of 2023, Oakland was dealing with a crime wave in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, with its overall crime rate up 86 percent since 2003, violent crime up 150 percent since 2003, and property crime up 72 percent since 2003.[26] In 2023, Oakland had the highest number of car thefts in over 20 years, with a rate of about one car stolen for every 27 residents.[26] In contrast, San Francisco's overall crime rate in 2023 had increased by only 2 percent over the 2003 level, while San Jose's overall crime rate had decreased by 12 percent from the 2003 level.[26]

Operation Ceasefire

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In 2013, Oakland implemented a gang violence reduction plan used previously in other cities, Operation Ceasefire, based on the research and strategies of author David M. Kennedy.[27]

Domain Awareness Center

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The Domain Awareness Center (DAC) is a joint project between the Port of Oakland and the city. Planning started in 2009 as part of a nationwide initiative to secure ports by connecting motion sensors and cameras in and around the shipping facilities. In 2013, the Oakland DAC integrated 130 cameras from the Port of Oakland and four city cameras.[28] By including gunshot detection and license plate readers the DAC would allow police to faster investigate suspects (which does not exactly equal the alleged shift from "reactive to proactive" crime treatment).[29]

Oakland Police Department

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Main article: Oakland Police Department
 
Oakland Police Department

Community relations issues

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See also: Allen v. City of Oakland

The Oakland Riders scandal involved a group of corrupt Oakland police officers who made false arrests, falsified evidence, and engaged in brutality.[30] In 2003, the city settled more than 100 "Riders" allegations in a settlement approaching $11 million. Over 2001 to 2011 as a whole, the City of Oakland paid about $57 million "for claims, lawsuits and settlements involving alleged misconduct by the Oakland Police Department"—the most of any city in California, and more than double what San Francisco paid out over the same period, even though San Francisco has more than double the population of Oakland.[30] Thereafter, under federal court supervision, the city has undertaken reforms of its police department, although critics say that "the fundamental character of the police department remains hostile to the community and overly reliant on force."[30]

A 2020 report by the UC Berkeley School of Law's International Human Rights Law Clinic, Living with Impunity: Unsolved Murders in Oakland and the Human Rights Impact on Victims' Family Members, criticized the OPD's interactions with the families of homicide victims, writing that the department had failed to make victim services available to the family members of victims; that "law enforcement's treatment of family members at critical moments—during death notification, at the crime scene, and during the subsequent investigation—often generated mistrust, frustration, and stigma"; and that Oakland police made arrests in approximately 40% of Oakland homicides involving black victims, but approximately 80% of homicides involving white victims.[31]

A remarkably small percentage of current Oakland police officers (fewer than 9% as of 2013) live in the city itself.[32]

Number of officers

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The number of OPD officers has varied over time: there were 626 officers in 1996,[8] 814 in 2002,[8] 793 officers[8] or more than 800 officers in 2009,[20] 626 officers in 2012,[8] and 723 officers at the end of 2015.[6]

The city's strategic plan recommended 925 officers, and an independent study commissioned by the city in the mid-1990s recommended 1,200 officers.[33]

The Chauncey Bailey Project wrote in 2008 that detective caseload for OPD was more than any other major city in California, except Fresno,[34] and that, in that year, the Police Department had the lowest homicide clearance rate among California's large cities because the department is understaffed and the detective work in certain instances is not as thorough because there are simply not enough officers.[35]

High profile crimes

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2000s

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  • September 2004 - 16-year-old Greshanda Williams was killed in Martin Luther King Jr. Way with an assault rifle.[36]
  • September 2006 - Two women were killed in a drive-by shooting. The shooting occurred at Martin Luther King Jr. Way in West Oakland.[37]
  • March 2009 - Lovelle Mixon killed four police officers.

2010s

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  • July 2013 - Alaysha Carradine, age 8, was killed by Darnell Williams Jr., who was given the death penalty in 2016.[38][39]

2020s

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  • March 2021 - 75-year-old Pak Ho was murdered during a robbery.[40]
  • November 2021 - 1-year-old Jasper Wu was killed in an Oakland freeway shooting.[41] Alameda County District Attorney Pamela Price said she favored "non-carceral forms of accountability" for Wu's killers.[42]
  • August 2022 - 60-year-old Lili Xu was murdered near 5th Avenue and East 11th Street during a robbery.[43]
  • August 2022 - A triple homicide occurred in Martin Luther King Jr. Way in West Oakland. Three men (Daven Woolfolk, Tyrone Banks, Tonnell Williams) died at the scene.[44]
  • September 2022 - 2022 Oakland school shooting: Six people were shot and wounded near several high schools in East Oakland. One victim died in November.
  • October 2022 - 2022 Oakland party shooting: two teenage brothers, aged 15 and 17, were fatally shot and two others were wounded.
  • January 2023 - 35-year-old Lamar Converse was murdered by a 17-year-old. The Alameda County District Attorney's Office kept the case in Juvenile Court and the offender was sentenced to up to seven years in the Juvenile Justice Center.[45]
  • December 2023 - 36-year-old Officer Tuan Le was shot and killed during an undercover burglary operation.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The homicide rate is not the same as murder rate. Murders are a subset of homicides. In 2000, for insurance, there were 109 homicides in Oakland, of which 102 were classified as murders;[11] similarly in 2018, there were 75 homicides: 68 murders and 7 categorized as justifiable homicides or killings in self-defense.[12]

References

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  1. ^ "FBI".
  2. ^ "Jerry Brown's No-Nonsense New Age for Oakland by Heather Mac Donald, City Journal Autumn 1999". Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  3. ^ Government Research Corporation (1983). National journal. National Journal Group. p. 2474.
  4. ^ Heather Mac Donald (Autumn 1999). "Jerry Brown's No-Nonsense New Age for Oakland". City Journal. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
  5. ^ Oakland Moves From 3rd To 5th In Most Dangerous City Survey « CBS San Francisco
  6. ^ a b c Harry Harris, Oakland’s homicide numbers rise for first time in two years, Bay Area News Group (December 31, 2015).
  7. ^ a b c Jim Herron Zamora, Murder rates dropped in S.F., Oakland in '96, San Francisco Chronicle (January 2, 1997).
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Bobby McCarthy & Sarah Lawrence, Crime Trends in the City of Oakland: A 25-Year Look (1987–2012)., Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law & Social Policy, University of California, Berkeley School of Law.
  9. ^ Harry Harris (30 March 2010). "Gradually, Oakland a less deadly place". Inside Bay Area. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  10. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-10-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ a b c Rick Hurd & Harry Harris, Sad milestones in Oakland as deadly violence explodes in 2020, Bay Area News Group (January 1, 2021).
  12. ^ a b Rick Hurd, Harry Harris & David DeBolt, 2018 Review: Oakland murders dip to lowest level since 1999; major crimes fall regionally, Bay Area News Group (January 2, 2019).
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Harry Harris, Oakland sees biggest drop in homicides since 2004, Bay Area News Group (December 31, 2013).
  14. ^ Tammerlin Drummond, Oakland killings down in 2014 but still way too many, Bay Area News Group (March 24, 2015).
  15. ^ a b Mark Hedin, Oakland: Rash of homicides in late 2016 push year's toll to 85, Bay Area News Group (March 10, 2017).
  16. ^ Darwin BondGraham, Oakland Leaders Attribute Drop in Homicides and Shootings to Ceasefire Program, East Bay Express (January 9, 2017).
  17. ^ "With gun violence on the rise, Oakland ends the year with 134 homicides". The Mercury News. 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  18. ^ "We counted Bay Area homicides in 2022. Here's the alarming trend". San Francisco Chronicle. 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  19. ^ "Homicides soar in Oakland, vanish in East Palo Alto". KRON4. 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  20. ^ a b c d Winston, Ali (November 14, 2019). "Getting Away With Murder". East Bay Express.
  21. ^ Oakland Murder Investigators Worry About More Cuts CBS San Francisco (April 28, 2011).
  22. ^ 2006 Homicide Report: An Analysis of Homicides in Oakland from January through December, 2006, Urban Strategies Council (February 8, 2007)
  23. ^ Artz, Matthew (May 7, 2013). "Oakland: Robbery capital of America". Contra Costa Times.
  24. ^ Justin Berton (June 2, 2008). Oakland sets unhappy mark in carjackings (Map). San Francisco Chronicle.
  25. ^ Plagued by Crime, Oakland Food-Truck Vendors Unite for Protection Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, Shoshana Walter, The Bay Citizen, Mar 3 2012. Retrieved 2011-3-2.
  26. ^ a b c Dai, Jovi (September 8, 2024). "Crime has surged in Oakland since pandemic, leveled off in San Jose, San Francisco". The Mercury News. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  27. ^ Tammerlin Drummond: David Kennedy talks Oakland and Ceasefire - mercurynews, April 28, 2012
  28. ^ "Oakland surveillance center raises concerns". 2013-07-18.
  29. ^ "Domain Awareness Center May Bring Proactive Policing to Oakland". 12 September 2013.
  30. ^ a b c Scott C. Johnson, How a Dirty Police Force Gets Clean, Politico (March/April 2015).
  31. ^ Living with Impunity: Unsolved Murders in Oakland and the Human Rights Impact on Victims' Family Members, UC Berkeley School of Law International Human Rights Law Clinic (January 2020).
  32. ^ "Only 54 police officers live in Oakland; many police recruits also live outside Oakland". OaklandLocal. Archived from the original on 2013-04-27.
  33. ^ Kerr, Dara (January 3, 2011). "Oakland memorializes the 94 homicides of 2010". North Oakland News. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  34. ^ Charts: Homicides in California’s largest cities; Oakland homicide detectives’ case loads, wages, overtime | The Chauncey Bailey Project
  35. ^ Understaffed Oakland department behind other cities in solving homicides | The Chauncey Bailey Project
  36. ^ Lee, Henry (24 September 2004). "OAKLAND / Honor student slain by gunfire outside home / Dad calls 16-year-old's killing 'senseless'". SF Gate.
  37. ^ Johnson, Jason (27 September 2006). "OAKLAND / 2 women -- one riding her bicycle -- are slain in drive-by shooting".
  38. ^ "Death penalty not warranted for Darnell Williams Jr". The Daily Californian. 13 June 2016.
  39. ^ "Berkeley man gets death penalty in 2013 Oakland murders of 8-year-old, 22-year-old". ABC 7 News. 21 September 2016.
  40. ^ GARTRELL, NATE (28 July 2022). "Judge orders two to stand trial in death of elderly Asian American man who was attacked, robbed in Oakland". The Mercury News.
  41. ^ Colorado, Melissa (19 November 2021). "Jasper Wu Remembered: Family Holds Service for Toddler Killed in Oakland Freeway Shooting". NBC Bay Area.
  42. ^ I-Team obtains Alameda Co. DA's email; lesser sentence for Jasper Wu's alleged killers?, ABC7 News, March 30, 2023
  43. ^ Stinson, Sara (22 August 2022). "Victim ID'd in deadly Oakland shooting Sunday, leaders demand action". KRON4.
  44. ^ "Oakland police searching for vehicle in connection with triple homicide". CBS News. 31 August 2022.
  45. ^ Singh-Hudson, Nina (8 September 2023). "Teen Convicted in Brutal San Leandro Drug-Related Murder". Hoodline. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
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