Dini's theorem

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In the mathematical field of analysis, Dini's theorem says that if a monotone sequence of continuous functions converges pointwise on a compact space and if the limit function is also continuous, then the convergence is uniform.[1]

Formal statement

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If   is a compact topological space, and   is a monotonically increasing sequence (meaning   for all   and  ) of continuous real-valued functions on   which converges pointwise to a continuous function  , then the convergence is uniform. The same conclusion holds if   is monotonically decreasing instead of increasing. The theorem is named after Ulisse Dini.[2]

This is one of the few situations in mathematics where pointwise convergence implies uniform convergence; the key is the greater control implied by the monotonicity. The limit function must be continuous, since a uniform limit of continuous functions is necessarily continuous. The continuity of the limit function cannot be inferred from the other hypothesis (consider   in  .)

Proof

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Let   be given. For each  , let  , and let   be the set of those   such that  . Each   is continuous, and so each   is open (because each   is the preimage of the open set   under  , a continuous function). Since   is monotonically increasing,   is monotonically decreasing, it follows that the sequence   is ascending (i.e.   for all  ). Since   converges pointwise to  , it follows that the collection   is an open cover of  . By compactness, there is a finite subcover, and since   are ascending the largest of these is a cover too. Thus we obtain that there is some positive integer   such that  . That is, if   and   is a point in  , then  , as desired.

Notes

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  1. ^ Edwards 1994, p. 165. Friedman 2007, p. 199. Graves 2009, p. 121. Thomson, Bruckner & Bruckner 2008, p. 385.
  2. ^ According to Edwards 1994, p. 165, "[This theorem] is called Dini's theorem because Ulisse Dini (1845–1918) presented the original version of it in his book on the theory of functions of a real variable, published in Pisa in 1878".

References

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  • Bartle, Robert G. and Sherbert Donald R.(2000) "Introduction to Real Analysis, Third Edition" Wiley. p 238. – Presents a proof using gauges.
  • Edwards, Charles Henry (1994) [1973]. Advanced Calculus of Several Variables. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-68336-2.
  • Graves, Lawrence Murray (2009) [1946]. The theory of functions of real variables. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-47434-2.
  • Friedman, Avner (2007) [1971]. Advanced calculus. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45795-6.
  • Jost, Jürgen (2005) Postmodern Analysis, Third Edition, Springer. See Theorem 12.1 on page 157 for the monotone increasing case.
  • Rudin, Walter R. (1976) Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Third Edition, McGraw–Hill. See Theorem 7.13 on page 150 for the monotone decreasing case.
  • Thomson, Brian S.; Bruckner, Judith B.; Bruckner, Andrew M. (2008) [2001]. Elementary Real Analysis. ClassicalRealAnalysis.com. ISBN 978-1-4348-4367-8.