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In France, the Defender of Rights (DDD) (French: Défenseur des droits) is an independent administrative authority of the Government of France, created by the constitutional revision of July 23, 2008 and instituted by the organic law of March 29, 2011.[1]
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The Defender of Rights is an independent administrative authority enshrined by the Constitution of France.[2][3]
The current Defender of Rights is journalist Claire Hédon.[4][5]
History
editThe expression “Defender of Rights” was used by Gracchus Babeuf in the subtitle of his newspaper Le Tribun du peuple from 1795: “The Defender of Human Rights”.
In 2007, the Reflection and Proposal Committee on the Modernization and Rebalancing of Institutions, known as the “Balladur Committee”, proposed the creation of a “Defender of Fundamental Rights” to replace the Mediator of the Republic, an institution created in 1973 but which is not mentioned by the Constitution. According to the report, the Defender of Fundamental Rights, inspired by the Defender of the People in Spain, should be appointed by the National Assembly.
Responsibilities
editThe organic law of March 29, 2011, amended by the law of December 9, 2016, established four other additional missions for the Defender of Rights:
- Defend and promote the best interests and the rights of the child enshrined in law or by an international commitment regularly ratified or approved by France;
- Fight against discrimination, direct or indirect, prohibited by law or by an international commitment regularly ratified or approved by France as well as to promote equality;
- Ensure compliance with ethics by people carrying out security activities on the territory of the Republic;
- Direct to the competent authorities any person reporting an alert under the conditions set by law, to ensure the rights and freedoms of this person
List of officeholders
edit| Name | Term Start | Term End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dominique Baudis[6] | 
|
23 June 2011 | 10 April 2014 |
| Jacques Toubon[7] | .jpg)
|
17 July 2014 | 17 July 2020 |
| Claire Hédon[8] | 
|
22 July 2020 | Incumbent |
References
edit- ^ "Défenseur des Droits". Défenseur des Droits (in French). Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- ^ "Décision n° 2011-626 DC du 29 mars 2011 | Conseil constitutionnel". www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-10-23.
- ^ "French Constitution". legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
- ^ ""Je n'ai jamais souhaité mettre fin aux contrôles d'identité", assure la Défenseure des droits". Europe 1 (in French). Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- ^ BRAUN, ELISA (November 23, 2020). "Commission steps into French fight over journalists rights". politico.
- ^ "Appointment". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
- ^ "Appointment". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
- ^ "Appointment". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
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