Dame Janet Maria Vaughan, Mrs Gourlay DBE FRS (18 October 1899 – 9 January 1993), was a British physiologist, academic, and academic administrator.[1][2] She researched haematology and radiation pathology. From 1945 to 1967, she served as Principal of Somerville College, Oxford.
Janet Vaughan | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Vaughan in 1944 | |
| 6th Principal of Somerville College, Oxford | |
| In office 1945–1967 | |
| Preceded by | Helen Darbishire |
| Succeeded by | Barbara Craig |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Janet Maria Vaughan 18 October 1899 Clifton, Bristol, England |
| Died | 9 January 1993 (aged 93) UK |
| Education | North Foreland Lodge |
| Alma mater | Somerville College, Oxford |
| Profession | Physician, physiologist, college head |
| Awards | DBE (1957) FRS (1979) |
Early life
editBorn in Clifton, Bristol, she was the eldest of four children of William Wyamar Vaughan (a maternal first cousin of Virginia Woolf and later headmaster of Rugby) and Margaret "Madge" Symonds, daughter of John Addington Symonds.[3] At the time of her birth he was an assistant master at Clifton College. She was educated at home, and later at North Foreland Lodge and Somerville College, Oxford,[3] where she studied medicine under Charles Sherrington and J. B. S. Haldane. She did her clinical training at University College Hospital, London,[1] where she worked in London's slums and saw firsthand the effects of poverty on health.[3]
Later she received a scholarship from the Rockefeller Foundation to study at Harvard University.[4]
Career
editAs a woman doctor, Vaughan had difficulties gaining access to patients and experimented on pigeons. Woolf described her as "an attractive woman; competent, disinterested, taking blood tests all day to solve abstract problems".[4][5]
In 1932, Vaughan, her co-driver and fellow medic Dr. Frances Charlotte Naish won the Ladies' Cup at the Monte Carlo Rally. They won the race in spite of losing an hour’s time when they stopped to attend to the victims of a road accident.[6]
As a young pathologist at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith Hospital in 1938 she initiated the creation of national blood banks in London, setting one up with Federico Duran-Jorda. The modified milk bottle for blood collection and storage was named "MRC bottle" or "Janet Vaughan".[4][7]
In 1945, she was sent to Belgium by the Medical Research Council to research starvation, and then into Germany; at war's end she was working in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and significantly improved the strategy to feed people suffering from extreme starvation.[1]
Vaughan's research included blood disease, blood transfusion, the treatment of starvation, and the effect of radioactivity on the bone and bone marrow.[8] Her 1934 book, The Anaemias, was one of the first specialised treatments of blood diseases. After the war, she became known for her work on the effects of plutonium.[1]
From 1945 until her retirement in 1967, while working as a researcher at the Churchill Hospital, she was Principal of Somerville College.[9] She was Principal while Shirley Catlin (later Shirley Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby) and Margaret Roberts (who would later become the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher) studied there. She also served on the Royal Commission on Equal Pay, as a founder trustee of the Nuffield Foundation, and for one year as chairman of the Oxford Regional Hospital Board.[1]
Honours
editVaughan was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1957 New Year Honours.[10] Oxford University awarded her an honorary DCL in 1967.[1] She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1979.[11]
Publications
edit- Vaughan, Janet. The Anemias. London: Oxford University Press, 1934.
- Vaughan, Janet. "Leuco-erythoblastic Anemias", Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 17 (1936):541-64.
- Vaughan, Janet. "Conditions at Belsen Concentration Camp", British Medical Journal, Physiology and treatment of starvation ser. (1945):819
- Vaughan, Janet. The Physiology of Bone. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
- Vaughan, Janet. The Effect of Irradiation of the Skeleton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.
Personal life
editShe married David Gourlay, of the Wayfarers' Travel Agency, in 1930. They had two daughters:[1] Mary (1932) and Frances (1935).[12]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Evelyn Irons, Obituary: Dame Janet Vaughan, The Independent, 12 January 1993.
- ^ "Vaughan [married name Gourlay], Dame Janet Maria". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42277. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c George, Rose (10 March 2015). "A Very Naughty Little Girl". Longreads. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ a b c Starr, D (1998). Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce. Little, Brown and company. pp. 84–87. ISBN 0-316-91146-1.
- ^ Watts, Ruth (2007). Women in science : a social and cultural history (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-0415253062.
- ^ Carol Dyhouse (1998). "Driving ambitions: women in pursuit of a medical education, 1890-1939". Women's History Review. 7 (3): 321–343. doi:10.1080/09612029800200176.
- ^ Christopher D. Hillyer (2007). Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-443-06981-9.
- ^ edts Ogilvie, Marilyn (2000). The biographical dictionary of women in science. New York [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 1323. ISBN 0415920388.
- ^ "Somerville College Pages 343-347 A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3, the University of Oxford". British History Online. Victoria County History, 1954. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "No. 40960". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1956. p. 11.
- ^ Owen, M. (1995). "Dame Janet Maria Vaughan, D.B.E., 18 October 1899 – 9 January 1993". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 41: 482–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0029. PMID 11615363. S2CID 32982711.
- ^ “Gourlay Mary A / Vaughan” in Register of Births for Paddington RD, vol. 1a (1932), p. 19; “Gourlay Frances P / Vaughan” in Register of Births for Marylebone RD, vol. 1a (1935), p. 605
External links
edit- Royal College of Physicians profile of Dame Janet Vaughan[permanent dead link] contains a detailed account of her life, based in part on her 1993 Independent obituary
- Red Gold: Innovators & Pioneers — Jane Vaughan, PBS
- Longreads article on Janet Vaughan by Rose George : A very naughty little girl : The extraordinary life of Janet Vaughan, who changed our relationship with blood