Kamba/ˈkæmbə/,[3] or Kikamba, is a Bantu language spoken by millions of Kamba people, primarily in Kenya, as well as thousands of people in Uganda, Tanzania, and elsewhere. In Kenya, Kamba is generally spoken in four counties: Machakos, Kitui, Makueni, and Kwale. The Machakos dialect is considered the standard variety and has been used in translation. The other major dialect is Kitui.[4]
| Kamba | |
|---|---|
| Kikamba | |
| Native to | Kenya, Tanzania |
| Region | Machakos, Kitui, Makueni, and Shimba Hills |
| Ethnicity | Akamba |
Native speakers | 4.6 million (2019 census)[1] 600,000 L2 speakers |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | kam |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:kam – Kambadhs – Dhaiso (Thaisu) |
| Glottolog | kamb1297 |
E.55–56[2] | |
| ELP | Dhaiso |
Kamba has lexical similarities to other Bantu languages such as Kikuyu, Meru, and Embu.
The Swedish National Museums of World Culture holds field recordings of kamba language made by Swedish ethnographer Gerhard Lindblom in 1911–12.[5] Lindblom used phonograph cylinders to record songs along with other means of documentation in writing and photography. He also gathered objects, and later presented his work in The Akamba in British East Africa (1916).
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Close-mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | |
| Open | a aː |
Consonants
edit| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | (b) | t (d) | k (ɡ) | |||
| Affricate | tʃ (dʒ) | |||||
| Fricative | β | ð | s (z) | |||
| Nasal | m | n̪ | n | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | labial | ɥ | w | |||
| central | (ð̞) | j | ||||
- /tʃ/ occurs as a result of palatalization among /k/ before /j/.
- In post-nasal positions, sounds /t, k, s, tʃ/ then become voiced as [d, ɡ, z, dʒ]. The voiced fricative /β/ then becomes a voiced stop [b] in post-nasal position.
- The palatal glide sound /j/ is typically articulated to the front of the mouth, so that is interdental as [ð̞] or alveolo-palatal as [j̟]. When preceding a consonant however, it is always heard as a regular palatal glide [j].[6]
References
edit- ^ Kamba at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Dhaiso (Thaisu) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Yasutoshi Yukawa (1984-08-25). "On the Nature of the Accent of Kamba Nouns". Senri Ethnological Studies. 15: 131.
- ^ "Historier från samlingarna | Newly digitized 100-year-old recordings bring African song and dance to life". samlingar.varldskulturmuseerna.se. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
- ^ Roberts-Kohno, Rosalind R. (2000). Kikamba Phonology and Morphology. Ann Arbor: UMI.
Sources
edit- Mwau, John Harun (2006). Kikamba Dictionary: Kikamba-English, Kikamba-Kikamba, English-Kikamba. ISBN 9966-773-09-6.
External links
edit- PanAfriL10n page on Kamba
- Ĩvuku ya Mboya kwa andũ Onthe Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Kamba, digitized by Richard Mammana
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