The western tailed-blue (Cupido amyntula) is a Nearctic non-migratory butterfly that commonly takes flight during the spring and summer seasons of March–July. They can be best classified as having a presence of a tail on their hindwing, an upper surface that's bluish while the under surface is chalky-white with occasional black spots, and an orange spot toward the base of their tail. Their wingspan ranges from 0.875 to 1.125 inches (2.2 to 2.9 cm). Larvae feed on various plant species including Astragalus (several species), Lathyrus (several species), Oxytropis, and Vicia (several species).[1] Adults feed on various things such as flower nectar, horse and coyote manure, urine, and mud.[2]
| Western tailed-blue | |
|---|---|
| |
| Mating pair | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | Cupido |
| Species: | C. amyntula
|
| Binomial name | |
| Cupido amyntula Boisduval, 1852
| |
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Habitat edit
The western tailed-blue can be most abundantly found in open areas containing low shrubs extending throughout western North America from as high as south Alaska to as low as northern Baja California.[3] These species prefer to reside more in forest densities, with equal presence in mature and young forests, compared to grassland habitats within these regions.[4] They also have no preference for an open tree canopy cover and are equally likely to be found in mature forests adjacent to agricultural fields, young forests, and grasslands.[4] They are found in higher densities of host plant cover and nectar plants among certain sites including meadows, prairies, and young forests. Within these locations, adult C. amynula visits white, purplish, yellow, or pinkish flowers, including Sedum lanceolatum and Astragalus flexuosus.[5] The density of these species is highest where nectar plants and forest openings are widely available. Other habitat characteristics these species are known for include moist woodland openings under mature, open forests.
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This species also occurs along weedy forest margins across Canada, as far as eastern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Maine.[6]
Reproductive characteristics edit
During mating, the male and female C. amyntula join tips of their abdomen and the male passes sperm to the female to fertilize its eggs in which they typically lay up to 3 eggs on a single host plant flower or young seed pods.[7]
Females edit
Females are characteristic of a brown wing with blue coloring at the base. Once fertilized, females can lay up to 80 eggs per ovariole.[8] Eggs hatch in about 4-5 days and develop from instar to pupa in about 14-25 days. Adults then emerge from pupae in 11-14 days.[9]
Males edit
Male C. amyntula typically perches and patrols between shrubs, hillsides, and gully mouths throughout the day in search of a receptive female to mate with.[10] Males can also be distinguished by a blue upper surface.
Caterpillars edit
The caterpillars of the C. amyntula vary from brownish-yellow to green and are covered in fine white hairs marked with a red or green stripe running along the back and diagonal pinkish and reddish-purple dashes on the side. They typically grow an average length of 1/2 an inch.[11]
References edit
- ^ Marshall, Christopher; Shepard, Jon; Hammond, Paul (2019-04-22). "Specimen records for North American Lepidoptera (Insecta) in the Oregon State Arthropod Collection. Hepialidae Stephens, 1829". Catalog: Oregon State Arthropod Collection. 3 (2). doi:10.5399/osu/cat_osac.3.2.4590. ISSN 2576-1943.
- ^ Scott, James A. (2014). Lepidoptera of North America. C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University. OCLC 881261342.
- ^ Scott, James A.; Epstein, Marc E. (January 1987). "Factors Affecting Phenology in a Temperate Insect Community". American Midland Naturalist. 117 (1): 103. doi:10.2307/2425712. JSTOR 2425712.
- ^ a b Hess, Anna N.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Webster, Christopher R.; Storer, Andrew J.; Pocewicz, Amy; Martinuzzi, Sebastiàn (April 2013). "Employing lidar data to identify butterfly habitat characteristics of four contrasting butterfly species across a diverse landscape". Remote Sensing Letters. 4 (4): 354–363. doi:10.1080/2150704X.2012.734932. ISSN 2150-704X. S2CID 121150222.
- ^ Scott, James A. (2019-12-31). "Butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, and their natural history and behavior".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Calhoun, John V. (2022). "A review of Cupido amyntula (Lycaenidae) in Maine, and comments on the subspecies C. a. maritima". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 64 (4): 192–197.
- ^ Scott, James A. (2006-04-27). "Butterfly hostplant records, 1992-2005, with a treatise on the evolution of Erynnis, and a note on new terminology for mate-locating behavior".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Ehrlich, Anne H.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (1978). "Reproductive Strategies in the Butterflies: I. Mating Frequency, Plugging, and Egg Number". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 51 (4): 666–697. ISSN 0022-8567. JSTOR 25083860.
- ^ Scott, James A. (1992-07-04). "Hostplant records for butterflies and skippers (mostly from Colorado) 1959-1992, with new life histories and notes on oviposition, immatures, and ecology".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Rutowski, Ronald L. (November 1991). "The Evolution of Male Mate-Locating Behavior in Butterflies". The American Naturalist. 138 (5): 1121–1139. doi:10.1086/285273. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 85292598.
- ^ Michael., Pyle, Robert (1990). The Audubon Society field guide to North American butterflies. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-51914-0. OCLC 557804202.
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