Otuke (Otuque, Otuqui) is an extinct language of the Macro-Jê family, related to Bororo. Otuke territory included what is now the Otuquis National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area in eastern Bolivia.
| Otuke | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Brazil, Bolivia |
| Region | Mato Grosso; Santa Cruz |
| Extinct | Around 1920s[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | otu |
| Glottolog | otuk1240 |
Etymology
editCombès (2012) suggests that -toki ~ -tuki ~ -tuke (also present in the ethynonym Gorgotoqui) is likely related to the Bororo animate plural suffix -doge (i.e., used to form plural nouns for ethnic groups). Hence, the name Otuqui (Otuke) was likely etymologically related to the name Gorgotoqui.[2]
Other varieties
editLoukotka (1968)
editSeveral attested extinct Bororoan varieties were either dialects of Otuke or closely related:[3]
- Covareca - Santa Ana mission, Bolivia
- Curuminaca - Casalvasco mission, Bolivia
- Coraveca (Curave, Ecorabe) - Santo Corazón mission, Bolivia
- Curucaneca (Curucane, Carruacane) - San Rafael mission, Bolivia
- Tapii - Santiago de Chiquitos mission, Bolivia
Chiquitano speakers also lived in many of the missions.[3]
(See Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos for locations.)
Mason (1950) says the first four are "separate and very different", but Loukotka (1968) notes that nothing is known of Curave or Curucane (or of Tapii), that only 14 words of Curumina and 19 of Covare have been preserved.[3]
Mason (1950)
editMason (1950) lists the following varieties of Otuke:[4]
- Otuke
- Otuké
- Covareca
- Curuminaca
- Coraveca (?); Curavé (?)
- Curucaneca (?)
- Tapii (?)
Mason (1950) notes that Tapii may have been either Otukean or Zamucoan.
The following are listed as Bororo varieties by Mason (1950):
- Bororo
- Eastern: Orarimugudoge
- Western: Cabasal; Campanya
- Acioné
- Aravira
- Biriuné
- Coroa (?)
- Coxipo (?)
Further reading
edit- de Créqui-Montfort, Georges and Paul Rivet. 1912. Linguistique Bolivienne: Le groupe Otuké. Journal de la Société des Américanistes IX: 317–352.
- de Créqui-Montfort, Georges and Paul Rivet. 1913. Linguistique Bolivienne: Les affinités des dialectes Otuké. Journal de la Société des Américanistes X: 369–377.
- Mulder, Sophie. 2024. Otuke: reviewing the only remaining data on an extinct Bolivian language. Master's thesis, Leiden University. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3763735
References
edit- ^ Otuke at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Combès, Isabelle. 2012. Susnik y los gorgotoquis. Efervescencia étnica en la Chiquitania (Oriente boliviano), p. 201–220. Indiana, v. 29. Berlín. doi:10.18441/ind.v29i0.201-220
- ^ a b c Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
