Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses),[1][2] while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19.[3][4] As of 2021, 45 species are registered as coronaviruses,[5] whilst 11 diseases have been identified, as listed below.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/3D_medical_animation_coronavirus_structure.jpg/260px-3D_medical_animation_coronavirus_structure.jpg)
Coronaviruses are known for their shape resembling a stellar corona, such as that of the Sun visible during a total solar eclipse; corona is derived from Latin corōna 'garland, wreath, crown'.[6] It was coined by Tony Waterson (professor of virology at St Thomas' Hospital)[7][8][9] in a meeting with his colleagues June Almeida and David Tyrrell, the founding fathers of coronavirus studies, and was first used in a Nature article in 1968,[10] with approval by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses three years later.[11]
The first coronavirus disease was discovered in the late 1920s. Coronaviridae were generally of limited interest to the wider scientific community, until the appearance of SARS. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, through a variety of experiments in the United States and the United Kingdom.[12] A common origin in human coronaviruses is bats.[13]
List
editHost organism | Disease | Pathogen | Year of Discovery | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
Birds | Avian infectious bronchitis | Avian coronavirus (IBV) | 1920s[14] (isolated in 1938)[15] | Discovered in North America.[14] |
Pigs, dogs, cats | Enteritis | Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) | 1946 (isolated in 1965)[16] | Infects pigs,[16] cats,[17] and dogs.[18] |
Humans | Common cold | Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV‑229E) | 1930s (isolated in 1965)[19] | Possibly originated from bats.[20] |
Mice, rats | Encephalitis | MHV-JHM, a strain of murine coronavirus (M‑CoV) named after John Howard Mueller.[21] | 1949[22] | |
Humans | Common cold | Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV‑OC43) | 1967[23] | Possibly originated from rodents, then jumped through cattle to humans.[24] |
Pigs | Enteritis | Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) | 1971[25] | Infects pigs. Caused outbreaks in 1972[26] and 1978,[27] 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015.[28] |
Dogs | Enteritis | Canine coronavirus (CCoV) | 1971 | |
Cats | Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) | Feline coronavirus (FCoV) | ||
Cattle | Enteritis | Bovine coronavirus (BCV or BCoV) | ||
Humans | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV or SARS‑CoV‑1), a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr‑CoV) | 2002 | Discovered in Foshan, China.[29] Caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. Possibly originated from horseshoe bats.[30] |
Humans | Common cold | Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV‑HKU1) | 2004 | Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[31] |
Humans | Common cold | Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV‑NL63) | 2004 | Discovered in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[32] Possibly originated from tricolored bats.[33] |
Chinese bulbuls | Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (BulbulCoV‑HKU11) | 2008 | Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[34][35] | |
Humans | Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS‑CoV) | 2012 | Discovered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.[36] Caused outbreaks in 2012, 2015, and 2018. |
Pigs | Enteritis | Porcine coronavirus HKU15 (PorCov‑HKU15) | 2014 | Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[37] |
Humans | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), a strain of SARSr‑CoV | 2019 | Discovered in Wuhan, China.[38][39] Caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Possibly originated from pangolins, horseshoe bats, or both.[40] |
See also
editReferences
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- ^ Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Liggett SB (2009). "Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution". Science. 324 (5923). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 55–59. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...55P. doi:10.1126/science.1165557. PMC 3923423. PMID 19213880.
- ^ Alfarouk, Khalid O.; AlHoufie, Sari T. S.; Ahmed, Samrein B. M.; Shabana, Mona; Ahmed, Ahmed; Alqahtani, Saad S.; Alqahtani, Ali S.; Alqahtani, Ali M.; Ramadan, AbdelRahman M.; Ahmed, Mohamed E.; Ali, Heyam S.; Bashir, Adil; Devesa, Jesus; Cardone, Rosa A.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E.; Schwartz, Laurent; Reshkin, Stephan J. (21 May 2021). "Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19". Journal of Xenobiotics. 11 (2): 77–93. doi:10.3390/jox11020006. PMC 8163157. PMID 34063739.
- ^ "Common Human Coronaviruses". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ "Taxonomy". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. International Union of Microbiological Societies. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ "Definition of corona". Dictionary.com. Section Behind the Word. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ "Europe PMC". europepmc.org. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "The woman who discovered the first coronavirus". BBC News. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Group, British Medical Journal Publishing (6 January 1979). "Medicine and Books". Br Med J. 1 (6155): 45–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6155.45. ISSN 0007-1447. PMID 21009845. S2CID 220232641.
{{cite journal}}
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has generic name (help) - ^ Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DA (November 1968). "Virology: Coronaviruses". Nature. 220 (5168): 650. Bibcode:1968Natur.220..650.. doi:10.1038/220650b0. PMC 7086490.
[T]here is also a characteristic "fringe" of projections 200 A long, which are rounded or petal shaped ... This appearance, recalling the solar corona, is shared by mouse hepatitis virus and several viruses recently recovered from man, namely strain B814, 229E and several others.
- ^ Lalchhandama K (2020). "The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold". Science Vision. 20 (1): 43–53. doi:10.33493/scivis.20.01.04.
- ^ Monto AS (1984). "Coronaviruses". In Evans AS (ed.). Viral Infections of Humans. Springer US. pp. 151–165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4727-9_7. ISBN 978-1-4684-4727-9.
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Specifically, all HCoVs are thought to have a bat origin, with the exception of lineage A beta-CoVs, which may have reservoirs in rodents [2].
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- ^ a b Doyle, L. P.; Hutchings, L. M. (1946). "A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 108: 257–259. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 21020443. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
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- ^ Pappenheimer, Alwin M. (1 May 1958). "Pathology of Infection with the JHM Virus". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 20 (5): 879–891. doi:10.1093/jnci/20.5.879. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 13539633. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
- ^ Cheever, F. Sargent; Daniels, Joan B.; Pappenheimer, Alwin M.; Bailey, Orville T. (31 August 1949). "A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 90 (3): 181–194. doi:10.1084/jem.90.3.181. ISSN 0022-1007. PMC 2135905. PMID 18137294.
- ^ McIntosh, K; Becker, WB; Chanock, RM (24 October 1967). "Growth in suckling-mouse brain of "IBV-like" viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 58 (6): 2268–73. Bibcode:1967PNAS...58.2268M. doi:10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268. PMC 223830. PMID 4298953.
- ^ Forni, Diego; Cagliani, Rachele; Clerici, Mario; Sironi, Manuela (2017). "Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes". Trends in Microbiology. 25 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001. ISSN 0966-842X. PMC 7111218. PMID 27743750.
- ^ Oldham, J (1972). "Letter to the editor". Pig Farming. 72 (October Suppl): 72–73.
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