List of governors of Connecticut

(Redirected from Connecticut Governor)

The governor of Connecticut is the head of government of Connecticut, and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly and to convene the legislature.[2] Unusual among governors, the governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon.[3] The governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the state's Bonding Commission. He is an ex-officio member of the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut and Yale University.

Governor of Connecticut
Seal of the Governor
Portrait
Incumbent
Ned Lamont
since January 19, 2019
Government of Connecticut
StyleGovernor
(informally)
His Excellency
(formal)
TypeHead of state
Head of government
Member ofCabinet
ResidenceGovernor's Residence
SeatConnecticut State Capitol, Hartford, Connecticut
NominatorPolitical parties
AppointerPopular vote
Term lengthFour years, no limit
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Connecticut
PrecursorGovernor of Saybrook (merged with Connecticut, 1644)
Governor of New Haven (merged with Connecticut, 1665)
Formation1639; 385 years ago (1639)
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Connecticut
Salary$150,000 (2013)[1]
WebsiteOffice of the Governor

There have been 69 post-Revolution governors of the state, serving 73 distinct spans in office. Four have served non-consecutive terms: Henry W. Edwards, James E. English, Marshall Jewell, and Raymond E. Baldwin. The longest terms in office were in the state's early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The longest was that of the first governor, Jonathan Trumbull, who served over 14 years, but 7 of those as colonial governor; the longest-serving state governor — with no other position included in the term — was his son, Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who served over 11 years. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served only one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. Additionally, Lowell Weicker is noted for a rare third party win in American politics, having been elected to a term in 1990 representing A Connecticut Party.

The current governor is Ned Lamont, a Democrat who took office on January 9, 2019.

Governors

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Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9, 1788.[4] Before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Connecticut did not create a state constitution for itself until several decades after it became a state; until 1818, the state operated under the provisions of its colonial charter. The charter called for the election of a governor every year, but not more than once every two years, with the term commencing on the second Thursday in May.[5]

The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a four-year term for the governor,[6] commencing on the Wednesday after the first Monday in the January following an election.[7] The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a one-year term for governor; this was increased to two years in 1875,[8] and four years in 1948.[9] The 1875 amendment also set the start date of the term to its current date; before then, it was the first Wednesday in the May following an election.[10] The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the same term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the same ticket; this provision was added in 1962.[11] In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor becomes governor.[12] Before the adoption of the 1965 constitution, the lieutenant governor only acted as governor.[13] There is no limit of any kind on the number of terms one may serve.

Governors of the State of Connecticut
No.[a] Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[b][c]
16     Jonathan Trumbull
(1710–1785)
[15]
October 13, 1769[16]

May 13, 1784
(did not run)[15]
No party[d] 1776[e]   Matthew Griswold[f]
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
17   Matthew Griswold
(1714–1799)
[18]
May 13, 1784[19]

May 11, 1786
(lost election)[18]
No party[d] 1784 Samuel Huntington[g]
1785
18   Samuel Huntington
(1731–1796)
[21][22][23]
May 11, 1786[24]

January 5, 1796
(died in office)
Federalist[h] 1786 Oliver Wolcott
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
19   Oliver Wolcott
(1726–1797)
[27][28]
January 5, 1796[29]

December 1, 1797
(died in office)
Federalist[i] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor
1796 Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
1797
20   Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
(1740–1809)
[32][33]
December 1, 1797[34]

August 7, 1809
(died in office)
Federalist[35] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor
1798 John Treadwell
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
21   John Treadwell
(1745–1823)
[36][37][38]
August 7, 1809[34]

May 9, 1811
(lost election)
Federalist[39] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor
1810 Roger Griswold
22   Roger Griswold
(1762–1812)
[40][41]
May 9, 1811[42]

October 25, 1812
(died in office)
Federalist[39] 1811 John Cotton Smith
1812
23   John Cotton Smith
(1765–1845)
[43][44]
October 25, 1812[45]

May 8, 1817
(lost election)
Federalist[46] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor
1813 Chauncey Goodrich
(died August 18, 1815)
1814
1815
Vacant
1816 Jonathan Ingersoll[j]
(died January 12, 1823)
24   Oliver Wolcott Jr.
(1760–1833)
[48][49]
May 8, 1817[50]

May 2, 1827
(lost election)
Toleration[k] 1817
1818
Democratic-
Republican
[l]
1819
1820
1821
1822
Vacant
1823 David Plant[g]
1824
1825
1826
25   Gideon Tomlinson
(1780–1854)
[54][55][56]
May 2, 1827[57]

March 2, 1831
(resigned)[m]
Democratic-
Republican
[n]
1827 John Samuel Peters[o]
National
Republican
[60]
1828
1829
1830
26   John Samuel Peters
(1772–1858)
[61][62]
March 2, 1831[63]

May 4, 1833
(lost election)
National
Republican
[64]
Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor
1831 Vacant
1832 Thaddeus Betts[g]
27   Henry W. Edwards
(1779–1847)
[65][66]
May 4, 1833[67]

May 7, 1834
(lost election)
Democratic[68] 1833 Ebenezer Stoddard[g]
28   Samuel A. Foot
(1780–1846)
[69][70]
May 7, 1834[71]

May 6, 1835
(lost election)
Whig[p] 1834 Thaddeus Betts[g]
29   Henry W. Edwards
(1779–1847)
[65][66]
May 6, 1835[72]

May 3, 1838
(did not run)
Democratic[73] 1835 Ebenezer Stoddard[g]
1836
1837
30   William W. Ellsworth
(1791–1868)
[74][75]
May 3, 1838[76]

May 6, 1842
(lost election)
Whig[73] 1838 Charles Hawley[g]
1839
1840
1841
31   Chauncey Fitch Cleveland
(1799–1887)
[77][78]
May 6, 1842[79]

May 2, 1844
(lost election)
Democratic[60] 1842 William S. Holabird[g]
1843
32   Roger Sherman Baldwin
(1793–1863)
[80][81][82]
May 2, 1844[83]

May 8, 1846
(did not run)[80]
Whig[60] 1844 Reuben Booth[g]
1845
33   Isaac Toucey
(1792–1869)
[84][85][86]
May 8, 1846[87]

May 5, 1847
(lost nomination)[q]
Democratic[60] 1846 Noyes Billings[g]
34   Clark Bissell
(1782–1857)
[88][89]
May 5, 1847[90]

May 3, 1849
(lost nomination)[88]
Whig[60] 1847 Charles J. McCurdy[g]
1848
35   Joseph Trumbull
(1782–1861)
[91][92]
May 3, 1849[93]

May 2, 1850
(did not run)[91]
Whig[94] 1849 Thomas Backus[g]
36   Thomas H. Seymour
(1807–1868)
[95][96]
May 2, 1850[r]

October 13, 1853
(resigned)[s]
Democratic[94] 1850 Charles H. Pond
1851 Green Kendrick[t]
1852 Charles H. Pond
1853
37   Charles H. Pond
(1781–1861)
[98][99]
October 13, 1853[100]

May 4, 1854
(successor took office)
Democratic[101] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor
38   Henry Dutton
(1796–1869)
[102][103]
May 4, 1854[104]

May 3, 1855
(lost election)
Whig[94] 1854 Alexander H. Holley
39   William T. Minor
(1815–1889)
[105][106]
May 3, 1855[107]

May 6, 1857
(did not run)
American[108] 1855 William Field[u]
1856 Albert Day
40   Alexander H. Holley
(1804–1887)
[109][110]
May 6, 1857[111]

May 5, 1858
(did not run)
Republican[v] 1857 Alfred A. Burnham
41   William Alfred Buckingham
(1804–1875)
[112][113][114]
May 5, 1858[115]

May 2, 1866
(did not run)[114]
Republican[w] 1858 Julius Catlin
1859
1860
1861 Benjamin Douglas
1862 Roger Averill[x]
1863
1864
1865
42   Joseph Roswell Hawley
(1826–1905)
[117][118]
May 2, 1866[119]

May 1, 1867
(lost election)
Republican[101] 1866 Oliver Winchester
43   James E. English
(1812–1890)
[120][121]
May 1, 1867[122]

May 5, 1869
(lost election)
Democratic[101] 1867 Ephraim H. Hyde
1868
44   Marshall Jewell
(1825–1883)
[123][124]
May 5, 1869[125]

May 4, 1870
(lost election)
Republican[101] 1869 Francis Wayland III
45   James E. English
(1812–1890)
[120][121]
May 4, 1870[126]

May 16, 1871
(lost election)[y]
Democratic[101] 1870 Julius Hotchkiss
46   Marshall Jewell
(1825–1883)
[123][124]
May 16, 1871[127]

May 7, 1873
(did not run)[123]
Republican[101] 1871[y] Morris Tyler
1872
47   Charles Roberts Ingersoll
(1821–1903)
[128][129]
May 7, 1873[130]

January 3, 1877
(did not run)[128]
Democratic[101] 1873 George G. Sill[z]
1874
1875
Apr. 1876[aa]
48   Richard D. Hubbard
(1818–1884)
[132][133]
January 3, 1877[134]

January 9, 1879
(lost election)
Democratic[101] Nov. 1876[ab] Francis Loomis
49   Charles B. Andrews
(1834–1902)
[135][136]
January 9, 1879[ac]

January 5, 1881
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1878 David Gallup
50   Hobart B. Bigelow
(1834–1891)
[138][139]
January 5, 1881[140]

January 3, 1883
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1880 William H. Bulkeley
51   Thomas M. Waller
(1839–1924)
[141][142]
January 3, 1883[143]

January 8, 1885
(lost election)
Democratic[101] 1882 George G. Sumner
52   Henry Baldwin Harrison
(1821–1901)
[144][145]
January 8, 1885[ad]

January 6, 1887
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1884 Lorrin A. Cooke
53   Phineas C. Lounsbury
(1841–1925)
[147][148]
January 6, 1887[ae]

January 10, 1889
(did not run)[147]
Republican[101] 1886 James L. Howard
54   Morgan Bulkeley
(1837–1922)
[150][151][152]
January 10, 1889[af]

January 4, 1893
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1888 Samuel E. Merwin
1890[ag]
55   Luzon B. Morris
(1827–1895)
[154][155]
January 4, 1893[156]

January 9, 1895
(did not run)
Democratic[101] 1892 Ernest Cady
56   Owen Vincent Coffin
(1836–1921)
[157][158]
January 9, 1895[159]

January 6, 1897
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1894 Lorrin A. Cooke
57   Lorrin A. Cooke
(1831–1902)
[160][161][162]
January 6, 1897[163]

January 4, 1899
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1896 James D. Dewell
58   George E. Lounsbury
(1838–1904)
[164][165]
January 4, 1899[166]

January 9, 1901
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1898 Lyman A. Mills
59   George P. McLean
(1857–1932)
[167][168]
January 9, 1901[169]

January 7, 1903
(did not run)[167]
Republican[101] 1900 Edwin O. Keeler
60   Abiram Chamberlain
(1837–1911)
[170][171]
January 7, 1903[172]

January 4, 1905
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1902 Henry Roberts
61   Henry Roberts
(1853–1929)
[173][174]
January 4, 1905[175]

January 9, 1907
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1904 Rollin S. Woodruff
62   Rollin S. Woodruff
(1854–1925)
[176][177]
January 9, 1907[178]

January 6, 1909
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1906 Everett J. Lake
63   George L. Lilley
(1859–1909)
[179][180]
January 6, 1909[181]

April 21, 1909
(died in office)
Republican[101] 1908 Frank B. Weeks
64   Frank B. Weeks
(1854–1935)
[182][183]
April 21, 1909[184]

January 4, 1911
(successor took office)
Republican[101] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor
65   Simeon E. Baldwin
(1840–1927)
[185][186][187]
January 4, 1911[188]

January 6, 1915
(did not run)[ah]
Democratic[101] 1910 Dennis A. Blakeslee[ai]
1912 Lyman T. Tingier
66   Marcus H. Holcomb
(1844–1932)
[189][190][191]
January 6, 1915[192]

January 5, 1921
(did not run)[191]
Republican[101] 1914 Clifford B. Wilson
1916
1918
67   Everett J. Lake
(1871–1948)
[193][194][195]
January 5, 1921[196]

January 3, 1923
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1920 Charles A. Templeton
68   Charles A. Templeton
(1871–1955)
[197][198][199]
January 3, 1923[200]

January 7, 1925
(did not run)
Republican[101] 1922 Hiram Bingham III
69   Hiram Bingham III
(1875–1956)
[201][202]
January 7, 1925[203]

January 8, 1925
(resigned)[aj]
Republican[101] 1924 John H. Trumbull
70   John H. Trumbull
(1873–1961)
[204][205][206]
January 8, 1925[207]

January 7, 1931
(did not run)[204]
Republican[101] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor[ak]
1926 J. Edwin Brainard
1928 Ernest E. Rogers
71   Wilbur Lucius Cross
(1862–1948)
[209][210][211]
January 7, 1931[212]

January 4, 1939
(lost election)
Democratic[101] 1930 Samuel R. Spencer[ai]
1932 Roy C. Wilcox[ai]
1934 T. Frank Hayes
1936
72   Raymond E. Baldwin
(1893–1986)
[213][214][215]
January 4, 1939[216]

January 8, 1941
(lost election)
Republican[101] 1938 James L. McConaughy
73   Robert A. Hurley
(1895–1968)
[217][218][219]
January 8, 1941[220]

January 6, 1943
(lost election)
Democratic[101] 1940 Odell Shepard
74   Raymond E. Baldwin
(1893–1986)
[213][214][215]
January 6, 1943[221]

December 27, 1946
(resigned)[al]
Republican[101] 1942 William L. Hadden
1944 Charles Wilbert Snow[am]
75   Charles Wilbert Snow
(1884–1977)
[222][223]
December 27, 1946[224]

January 8, 1947
(successor took office)
Democratic[101] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor
76   James L. McConaughy
(1887–1948)
[225][226]
January 8, 1947[227]

March 7, 1948
(died in office)
Republican[101] 1946 James C. Shannon
77   James C. Shannon
(1896–1980)
[228][229]
March 7, 1948[230]

January 5, 1949
(lost election)
Republican[101] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor[an]
78   Chester B. Bowles
(1901–1986)
[232][233]
January 5, 1949[234]

January 3, 1951
(lost election)
Democratic[101] 1948 William T. Carroll
79   John Davis Lodge
(1903–1985)
[235][236]
January 3, 1951[237]

January 5, 1955
(lost election)
Republican[101] 1950[ao] Edward N. Allen
80   Abraham Ribicoff
(1910–1998)
[238][239]
January 5, 1955[240]

January 21, 1961
(resigned)[ap]
Democratic[101] 1954 Charles W. Jewett[ai]
1958 John N. Dempsey
81   John N. Dempsey
(1915–1989)
[241][242]
January 21, 1961[243]

January 6, 1971
(did not run)[241]
Democratic[101] Lieutenant
governor
acting
Acting as governor[aq]
1962 Samuel J. Tedesco
(resigned January 15, 1966)
Fred J. Doocy
1966 Attilio R. Frassinelli
82   Thomas Meskill
(1928–2007)
[244][245]
January 6, 1971[246]

January 8, 1975
(did not run)[244]
Republican[101] 1970 T. Clark Hull
(resigned June 1, 1973)
Peter L. Cashman
83   Ella Grasso
(1919–1981)
[247][248][249]
January 8, 1975[250]

December 31, 1980
(resigned)[ar]
Democratic[101] 1974 Robert K. Killian
1978 William A. O'Neill
84
William A. O'Neill
(1930–2007)
[251][252]
December 31, 1980[253]

January 9, 1991
(did not run)[252]
Democratic[252] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor
Joseph J. Fauliso
1982
1986
85   Lowell Weicker
(1931–2023)
[254][255]
January 9, 1991[256]

January 4, 1995
(did not run)
A Connecticut
Party
[255]
1990 Eunice Groark
86   John G. Rowland
(b. 1957)
[257]
January 4, 1995[258]

July 1, 2004
(resigned)[as]
Republican[257] 1994 Jodi Rell
1998
2002
87   Jodi Rell
(b. 1946)
[261]
July 1, 2004[262]

January 5, 2011
(did not run)[263]
Republican[261] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor
Kevin Sullivan[am]
2006 Michael Fedele
88   Dannel Malloy
(b. 1955)
[264]
January 5, 2011[265]

January 9, 2019
(did not run)[266]
Democratic[264] 2010 Nancy Wyman
2014
89   Ned Lamont
(b. 1954)
[267]
January 9, 2019[268]

Incumbent[at]
Democratic[267] 2018 Susan Bysiewicz
2022

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ According to the Connecticut State Library, the official listing goes back to the first governor of Connecticut Colony in 1639, and did not include repeat governors serving non-consecutive terms in the colonial period; this makes Trumbull the 16th governor.[14] The official numbering since statehood includes repeat and acting governors.
  2. ^ The office of Lieutenant Governor was known as Deputy-Governor under the colonial charter, but the name 'Lieutenant Governor' was predominantly used after independence.[5]
  3. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  4. ^ a b Elections were non-partisan until the 1790s.[17]
  5. ^ The Connecticut General Assembly approved the United States Declaration of Independence on October 10, 1776, and resolved that the state's government would continue as established under the charter; thus, colonial governor Jonathan Trumbull became state governor, serving roughly 14 years total.[15]
  6. ^ Represented the Federalist Party
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The list of lieutenant governors supplied by the Connecticut Secretary of State marks these lieutenant governors as having no record of their party.[20]
  8. ^ Dubin does not assign a party to Huntington,[25] but Kallenbach notes he became a Federalist after parties started forming in the 1790s.[26]
  9. ^ Dubin does not label Wolcott's party in 1796, and labels him Federalist in 1797;[25] Kallenbach labels him a Federalist,[30] while labeling all parties in election returns until 1802 as unidentified.[31]
  10. ^ Represented the Democratic-Republican Party until 1817, and the Toleration Party after that.[47]
  11. ^ The specific party names were the Toleration and Reform Party in 1817 and the Constitutional and Reform Party in 1818.[51]
  12. ^ Sources disagree on when Wolcott became a Democratic-Republican, with Dubin saying either 1817 or 1818,[52] Sobel saying 1819,[51] and Kallenbach saying 1820.[53]
  13. ^ Tomlinson resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[55]
  14. ^ Sobel says Tomlinson was nominated by the "Democratic-Republican and Toleration Party Nominating Caucus,"[58] but Dubin simply labels him as Democratic-Republican.[59]
  15. ^ Represented the National Republican Party
  16. ^ Both Dubin[68] and Kallenbach[53] describe Foot as a National Republican, but Sobel notes he was nominated by the "newly-formed Whig Party - emerging from the ruins of the National Republican Party."[69]
  17. ^ Toucey lost the Democratic nomination to Thomas T. Whittlesey.[84]
  18. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1850 was May 1; the delay is likely because Seymour was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[97][96]
  19. ^ Seymour resigned, having been appointed United States Minister to Russia.[96]
  20. ^ Represented the Whig Party
  21. ^ Represented the Free Soil Party
  22. ^ Holley's party is described as American Republican by the state;[20] Whig by the National Governor's Association, due to early membership in that party;[110] "Union Party", a coalition of Know Nothings and Republicans, by Sobel;[109] and simply Republican by Dubin.[108]
  23. ^ Buckingham, a Republican, and Averill, a War Democrat, ran together on an fusion ticket in 1862 as the Union Party of Connecticut.[116]
  24. ^ Averill, a War Democrat, represented the Union Party; he and Buckingham were elected on a fusion ticket.
  25. ^ a b James English won the popular vote, but a canvassing committee found the election was fraudulent, and named Jewell governor several days into the term.[121]
  26. ^ The list of lieutenant governors supplied by the Connecticut Secretary of State marks Sill as having represented the Republican Party, but contemporary news on his death reported him as having been a Democrat.[131]
  27. ^ This term was only from May 1876 to January 1877, due to a constitutional amendment moving the election schedule.[8]
  28. ^ First election under a constitutional amendment which lengthened terms to two years.[8]
  29. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1879 was January 8; the delay may be because Andrews was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[136][137]
  30. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1885 was January 7; the delay may be because Harrison was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[145][146]
  31. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1887 was January 5; the delay may be because Lounsbury was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[148][149]
  32. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1889 was January 9; the delay may be because Bulkeley was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[151][153]
  33. ^ Morgan Bulkeley did not run for re-election in 1890, but due to a close contest and controversies, the results were not certified, and the legislature spent two years debating the issue; Bulkeley essentially served as governor by default.[151]
  34. ^ Baldwin instead ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate.[187]
  35. ^ a b c d Represented the Republican Party
  36. ^ Bingham resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[202]
  37. ^ Since Trumbull took over only one day into the term, nearly all sources describe J. Edwin Brainard as lieutenant governor during this term; however, constitutionally, he would have remained president of the senate and only acted as lieutenant governor. At least one contemporary news source described him as such.[208]
  38. ^ Baldwin resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[215]
  39. ^ a b Represented the Democratic Party
  40. ^ Robert E. Parsons is always listed as serving as lieutenant governor during this term, but constitutionally he likely would have remained president of the senate. However, questions were raised over whether or not they should fully succeed to the next office.[231]
  41. ^ First term under a constitution amendment which lengthened terms to four years.[9]
  42. ^ Ribicoff resigned, having been confirmed as United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.[239]
  43. ^ Anthony J. Armentano is always listed as serving as lieutenant governor during this term, but constitutionally he likely would have remained president of the senate. This is the last time such a confusion would exist, as the 1965 constitution established a solid line of succession.
  44. ^ Grasso resigned due to illness.[248]
  45. ^ Rowland resigned due to a federal corruption investigation;[259] he later pleaded guilty to corruption.[260]
  46. ^ Lamont's second term began on January 4, 2023, and will expire January 6, 2027.

References

edit
General
Constitutions
Specific
  1. ^ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  2. ^ CT Const. art. IV
  3. ^ "Pardons Power in Connecticut". Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  4. ^ "Today in History: January 9". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
  5. ^ a b 1662 Charter
  6. ^ CT Const. art. IV, § 1
  7. ^ CT Const. art. IV, § 2
  8. ^ a b c 1818 Const. amendment XVI
  9. ^ a b 1818 Const. amendment XLV
  10. ^ 1818 Const. art. IV § 1
  11. ^ 1818 Const. new amendment VII
  12. ^ CT Const. art. IV § 19
  13. ^ 1818 Const. art. IV § 14
  14. ^ "Roster of Connecticut Governors". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
  15. ^ a b c "Jonathan Trumbull". Connecticut State Library. August 14, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
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