The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is North America's most numerous catfish species. It is the official fish of Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Tennessee, and is informally referred to as a "channel cat". In the United States, they are the most fished catfish species with around 8 million anglers targeting them per year. They also have very few teeth and swallow food whole. The popularity of channel catfish for food has contributed to the rapid expansion of this species' aquaculture in the United States.[2] Europe, Asia, and South America have also widely introduced it, and many countries legally consider it an invasive species.[3][4][5]
Channel catfish | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Siluriformes |
Family: | Ictaluridae |
Genus: | Ictalurus |
Species: | I. punctatus
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Binomial name | |
Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)
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Synonyms | |
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Distribution and habitat
editChannel catfish are native to the Nearctic and are well distributed in lower Canada, the eastern and northern United States, as well as parts of northern Mexico. They have also been introduced into some waters of landlocked Europe (the Czech Republic, and Romania) and parts of Malaysia, and almost as many parts of Indonesia.[6] They thrive in small and large rivers, reservoirs, natural lakes, and ponds. Channel "cats" are cavity nesters, meaning they lay their eggs in crevices, hollows, or debris, to protect them from swift currents.[7] Its range in southern Canada includes the Great Lakes (excluding Lake Superior), and portions of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba provinces.[8]
Characteristics
editChannel catfish possess very keen senses of smell and taste. The pits of their nostrils (nares) contain very sensitive odor-sensing organs with a high concentration of olfactory receptors.[citation needed] In channel catfish, these organs are sensitive enough to detect several amino acids at about one part per 100 million in water. In addition, the channel catfish has taste buds distributed over the surface of its entire body. The fish especially concentrates these buds on its four pairs of barbels (whiskers) surrounding the mouth, with about 25 buds per square millimeter. This combination of exceptional senses of taste and smell allows the channel catfish to find food in dark, stained, or muddy water with relative ease.[citation needed] They also possess a Weberian apparatus, which amplifies sound waves that would otherwise not be perceivable.[9] People mistakenly believe that the barbels of channel catfish sting upon contact. These catfish do not, but their pectoral and dorsal fin spines can injure if handled improperly.[10]
Length and weight
editThe average adult channel catfish measures at least 12 inches (30 centimeters) long, and weighs between 2 and 4 pounds. The largest specimen on record weighed 58 pounds when it was caught in 1964 by an angler in South Carolina.[12]
As channel catfish grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between length (L, in cm) and weight (W, in kg) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:
Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, is the length of a typical fish weighing 1 kg. For channel catfish, b = 3.2293, somewhat higher than for many common species, and cm.
Ecology
editFeeding
editCatfish have enhanced capabilities of taste perception, and thus are called the “swimming tongue,” due to the presence of taste buds all over the external body surface and inside the oropharyngeal cavity. Specifically, they have high sensitivity to amino acids, which explains their unique communication methods as follows. The catfish has a facial taste system that is extremely responsive to L-alanine and L-arginine. More specifically, their facial taste system senses heightened levels of L-amino acids in freshwater. Feeding behavior to food is due to amino acids released by food. This is reported to cause maxillary and mandibular barbel movements, which orient the catfish's posture and food search. When the food stimulates the taste receptors, it causes more excitation which is seen in exaggerated biting, turning, or mastication.[13]
Diet
editAdult channel catfish, over 45 cm (17.7 in), consume fishes such as yellow perch and sunfish. The diet of adults consists of snails, clams,[14] crustaceans (such as crayfish[14]), snakes, frogs, small fish, insects, aquatic plants, algae, seeds, grains, nuts, and even small birds and small mammals[14] occasionally. Younger channel catfish are more consistently omnivorous, eating a large variety of plants and animals.[15]
Communication
editThe channel catfish is adapted to limited light conditions.[16] Members of the genus Ictalurus, which inhabit muddy waters, do not depend solely on visual cues. Instead, they are known to rely heavily on chemotactic cues. Sound production may be another important means of communication among channel catfish and other species living in turbid habitats.[17]
Chemical communication
editThe North American channel catfish is an ostariophysan, or a bony fish occupying a freshwater habitat.[16] These fishes are known to produce club cells and alarm substances for communication purposes. Both the fish's habitat and the presence of chemosensory cells covering the body are presumably the results of favored selection for this method of communication.[16] Catfishes are capable of producing and recognizing individual specific pheromones. Through these pheromones, a catfish can identify not only the species and sex of a conspecific, but also its age, size, reproductive state, or hierarchical social status.[16]
Territoriality in channel catfish is identifiable by a change in body odor, which is recognizable by other members of the same species.[16] This chemical change in the amino-acid composition of the skin mucus can be noted by chromatographic methods, and are not long-lasting; rather, they last only long enough to communicate to other fish in the vicinity.[16] Changes may be the result of the release of the contents of the club cells. These cells do not open directly to the surface of the skin, but injury caused by fighting and other agonistic behaviors may release the cells' contents.[16] Since catfish have a dominance hierarchy system, information relative to the change of status of any fish is important in recognition of the social strata.[16]
Signal distinction
editIn the channel catfish, while a communication signal is directed toward the receiver and contains a specific message, an information signal is a part of the general existence of the individual or the group.[16] For example, release of an alarm signal will communicate danger, but the individual's recognition odor is only an information signal identifying one fish from another.[16] With regards to the function and contents of the club cells, the club cells may serve different functions throughout the fish's lifecycle. Variation in the contents of the club cells' information signals therefore may change with the species' needs at different stages of life.[16]
Sound production
editAll species of catfishes can generate sound through stridulation, and many produce sounds through drumming.[18] Stridulation consists of the clicking or grinding of bony parts on the fish's pectoral fins and pectoral girdle, and drumming consists of the contraction of specialized sonic muscles with subsequent reverberation through the swim bladder.[17] Variability in the sound signals created by the channel catfish depends on the mechanism by which the sound is produced, the function of the resultant sound, and physical factors such as sex, age, and temperature.[17] This variation may result in increased complexity of the outgoing signal and may allow for increased usefulness of the signal in interspecies communication.[17] In the channel catfish, sounds are produced only by pectoral stridulation, as this species does not express sonic muscles,[17] which are used to produce sound via direct attachments to the swim bladder or to bony plates attached to the swim bladder in certain catfish species.[18]: 8–11
Because of the peculiar anatomy of its pectoral spine, the channel catfish relies on stridulation for successful underwater communication. This spine, an expanded fin ray with modified articulation at its base, is decorated with serrations and poisonous tissues to dissuade predators. When a fish abducts its pectoral fin, the spine moves over the pectoral girdle channel, producing noises.[19] These noises are distinguished by distinct pulses produced when the ridges on the spine's base interact with the rough surface of the girdle's channel.[17] The wide range and flexibility of motion when using fins is responsible for the variety of these stridulation noises. Different noises serve a variety of communicative purposes, including indicating behavior to predators and expressing dominance.[20]
In many channel catfish, individuals favor one fin or another for stridulatory sound production (in the same way as humans are right-handed or left-handed).[21] The first ray of the channel catfish pectoral fin is a bilaterally symmetrical spinous structure that is minimally important for movement; however, it can be locked as a defensive adaptation or used as a means for sound production.[21] According to one scholar, most fish tend to produce sound with their right fin, although sound production with the left fin has also been observed.[19]
Hearing
editThe inferior division of the inner ear, most prominently the utricle, is considered the primary area of hearing in most fishes.[22] The hearing ability of the channel catfish is enhanced by the presence of the swim bladder.[23] It is the main structure that reverberates the echo from other individuals' sounds, as well as from sonar devices.[23] The volume of the swim bladder changes if fish move vertically, thus is also considered to be the site of pressure sensitivity.[23] The latency of swim bladder adaptation after a change in pressure affects hearing and other possible swim bladder functions, presumably making audition more difficult.[23] Nevertheless, the presence of the swim bladder and a relatively complex auditory apparatus allows the channel catfish to discern different sounds and tell from which directions sounds have come.[18]
Communication to predators
editPectoral stridulation has been considered to be the main means of agonistic communication towards predators in channel catfish.[20] Sudden, relatively loud sounds are used to startle predators in a manner analogous to the well-documented, visual flash display of various lepidopterans.[24] In most catfish, a drumming sound can be produced for this use, and the incidences[spelling?] of the drumming sounds can reach up to 300 or 400 per second.[25] However, the channel catfish must resort instead to stridulation sounds and pectoral spine display for predator avoidance. In addition to communication towards predators, stridulation can be seen as a possible alarm signal to other catfish, in the sense of warning nearby individuals that a predator is near.[24]
Fishing
editChannel catfish are omnivores, and can be caught using a variety of natural and prepared baits, including crickets, nightcrawlers, minnows, shad, freshwater drum, crawfish, frogs, bullheads, sunfish, chicken liver, raw steak, hot dogs, and suckers. Catfish have even been known to take Ivory soap as bait.[26]
Juglines, trotlines, limb lines, and bank lines are popular methods of fishing for channel catfish in addition to traditional rod-and-reel fishing. Another method uses traps, either "slat traps"—long wooden traps with an angled entrance—or wire hoop traps. Typical bait for these traps include rotten cheese and dog food, or "stink bait", and old rotted shad. Catches of as many as 100 fish a day are common in catfish traps. An unusual method practiced in the Southeastern United States is noodling—catching catfish by hand.[citation needed]
When removing the hook from a catfish, anglers should be mindful of the sharp spines on the pectoral and dorsal fins.
Genetics
editThe channel catfish is one of only a handful of ostariophysan freshwater fish species whose genomes have been sequenced. The channel catfish reference genome sequence was generated alongside genomic sequence data for other scaled and unscaled fish species (other catfishes, the common pleco and southern striped Raphael; also common carp), in order to provide genomic resources and aid understanding of the evolutionary loss of scales in catfishes.[27] Results from comparative genomics and transcriptomics analyses and experiments involving channel catfish have supported a role for secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (SCPP) in scale formation in teleost fishes.[27]
In addition to the whole nuclear genome resources above, full mitochondrial genome sequences have been available for channel catfish since 2003.[28] Other studies of genetic diversity, outcrossing, etc. in channel catfish have focused primarily on inbred lines and farm strains relevant to this species' aquaculture. For example, earlier studies have compared the genetic diversity of domestic versus wild populations of channel catfish using AFLPs.[29]
References
edit- ^ NatureServe (2013). "Ictalurus punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202680A18236665. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202680A18236665.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Carlander KD (1969). Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 1. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press.
- ^ Engle, Carole (22 October 2013). "Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish)". Invasive Species Compendium. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ "Ictalurus punctatus". Invasive Species of Japan. National Institute for Environmental Studies. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ "Ictalurus punctatus" (PDF). Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. September 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ Schoonover D. "Ictalurus punctatus Catfish". Animal Diversity Web, Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Sutton K (January 2000). "Understanding the catfish spawn". Game & Fish. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.
- ^ Engle, Carole; Kumar, Ganesh (7 February 2023). "CABI Compendium: Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish)". Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.79127.
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(help) - ^ Coburn MM, Grubach PG (1998-01-01). "Ontogeny of the Weberian Apparatus in the Armored Catfish Corydoras paleatus (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)". Copeia. 1998 (2): 301–311. doi:10.2307/1447426. JSTOR 1447426.
- ^ "Catfish Sting". WebMD. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ Anderson RO, Neumann RM (1996). "Length, Weight, and Associated Structural Indices". In Murphy BE, Willis DW (eds.). Fisheries Techniques (second ed.). American Fisheries Society.
- ^ "Channel catfish". Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute.
- ^ Caprio J, Brand JG, Teeter JH, Valentincic T, Kalinoski DL, Kohbara J, Kumazawa T, Wegert S (May 1993). "The taste system of the channel catfish: from biophysics to behavior". Trends in Neurosciences. 16 (5): 192–7. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90152-C. PMID 7685945. S2CID 12952490.
- ^ a b c "Channel catfish".
- ^ "Ictalurus punctatus (Catfish)". Animal Diversity Web.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jamzadeh, Mehrnaz (1992). "Trauma Communication in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)". In Doty, Richard L.; Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (eds.). Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 6. Vol. 6. pp. 389–394. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9655-1_61. ISBN 978-1-4757-9657-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Vance T (2000). "Variability in stridulatory sound production in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus". BIOS. 71 (3): 79–84.
- ^ a b c Ladich, Friedrich; Michael J. Fine (2006). "Sound-Generating Mechanisms in Fishes: a Unique Diversity in Vertebrates". Communication in Fishes. 1: 3–43. S2CID 226188637.
- ^ a b Fine ML, Friel JP, McElroy D, King CB, Loesser KE, Newton S (1997). "Pectoral Spine Locking and Sound Production in the Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus". Copeia. 1997 (4): 777–790. doi:10.2307/1447295. JSTOR 1447295.
- ^ a b Ladich F, Myrberg AA (2006). "Agonistic Behavior and Acoustic Communication". Communication in Fishes. 1: 121–148.
- ^ a b Fine ML, McElroy D, Rafi J, King CB, Loesser KE, Newton S (September 1996). "Lateralization of pectoral stridulation sound production in the channel catfish". Physiology & Behavior. 60 (3): 753–7. doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00092-3. PMID 8873247.
- ^ Jenkins D (1981). "The Utricle in Ictalurus punctatus". In Tavolga W (ed.). Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. pp. 73–80. ISBN 978-1-4615-7186-5.
- ^ a b c d Baxter JH (1981). "The Swimbladder and Hearing". In Tavolga W (ed.). Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer Verlag New York Inc. pp. 61–72. ISBN 978-1-4615-7186-5.
- ^ a b Myrberg AA (1981). "Sound Communication and Interception in Fishes". In Tavolga W (ed.). Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. pp. 395–426. ISBN 978-1-4615-7186-5.
- ^ Demski LS (1981). "Neural Control of Teleost Sound Production". In Travolga W (ed.). Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. pp. 427–446. ISBN 978-1-4615-7186-5.
- ^ Sutton K (4 October 2010). "Off-The-Wall Baits for Persnickety Catfish". Game and Fish Magazine.
- ^ a b Liu Z, Liu S, Yao J, Bao L, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. (June 2016). "The channel catfish genome sequence provides insights into the evolution of scale formation in teleosts". Nature Communications. 7: 11757. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711757L. doi:10.1038/ncomms11757. PMC 4895719. PMID 27249958.
- ^ Waldbieser GC, Bilodeau AL, Nonneman DJ (August 2003). "Complete sequence and characterization of the channel catfish mitochondrial genome". DNA Sequence. 14 (4): 265–77. doi:10.1080/1042517031000149057. PMID 14631650. S2CID 8564981.
- ^ Mickett K, Morton C, Feng J, Li P, Simmons M, Cao D, Dunham RA, Liu Z (December 2003). "Assessing genetic diversity of domestic populations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Alabama using AFLP markers". Aquaculture. 228 (1–4): 91–105. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00311-9.
Further reading
edit- Salmon MH (1997). The Catfish As A Metaphor. Silver City, New Mexico: High-Lonesome Books. ISBN 978-0-944383-43-8.
External links
edit- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Ictalurus punctatus" in FishBase. December 2011 version.
- "Channel Catfish". Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.