The Chalybes (/ˈkælɪbiːz/; Ancient Greek: Χάλυβες/Χάλυβοι; Georgian: ხალიბები) and Chaldoi (Ancient Greek: Χάλδοι; Armenian: Խաղտիք, romanized: Xałtik') were peoples mentioned by classical authors as living in Pontus and Cappadocia in northern Anatolia during Classical Antiquity. Their territory was known as Chaldia, extending from the Halys River to Pharnakeia and Trabzon in the east and as far south as eastern Anatolia. According to Apollonius of Rhodes, the Chalybes were Scythians.[1]
The Chaldoi, Chalybes, Mossynoikoi, and Tibareni, are counted among the first ironsmith nations by classical authors.[2] Χάλυψ, the tribe's name in Ancient Greek, means "tempered iron, steel", a term that passed into Latin as chalybs, "steel". Sayce derived the Greek name Chalybe from Hittite Khaly-wa, "land of Halys River".[3] More than an identifiable people or tribe, "Chalybes" was a generic Greek term for "peoples of the Black Sea coast who trade in iron"[4] or "a group of specialised metalworkers".[5]
The main sources for the history of the Chaldoi are accounts from classical authors, including Homer, Strabo, and Xenophon. In Xenophon's Cyropaedia, Cyrus the Great helps the Armenians and Chaldians resolve a dispute over agricultural land.[6]
In Roman times, the Chaldaei (homonymous but unrelated to the Semitic Chaldeans[7][8]) and Chalybes are mentioned by Plutarch (Lucull. c. 14) as settled in Pontus and Cappadocia, or the Pontus Cappadocicus section of the Roman province of Pontus.
Pliny the Elder mentioned the Armenochalybes, a tribe residing between Trebizond and Armenia.[9]
Despite the ancient Greeks connecting the Chalybes to Scythians, some modern historians argue the Chalybes were a Georgian tribe. Historian Kalistrat Salia claims the Georgian ethnicity of the Chalybes is "indisputable". According to Sallia, the Zans, a Kartvelian ethnic group from present-day Turkey, are their descendants.[10] However, the one surviving word from the Chaldian language, Kakamar (the Chaldian name for the Black Sea), points toward an Indo-European connection.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Apollonius Rhodius. Tr. by R. Merkel, by Edward P. Coleridge. The Argonautica. pp. 49, 65. [1]
- ^ Strabo, xi., 14.5
- ^ Maya Vassaleva (31 December 1998). "Greek ideas of the north and the east". In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.). The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 74. ISBN 978-3515073028. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ I. M. Diakonoff The Pre-history of the Armenian People, Yerevan, 1968 (Delmar, New York, 1984) ISBN 9780882060392. "The Greeks evidently used the name Chalybes for all of the inhabitants of the Pontus who traded in iron ore (see Pauly, s.v. Chalybes); in some cases we might suspect that the Moschi (in Pontus) and/or the Chalybes were foreign designations for the Chaldians (Halitu, Xaghtik') who actually did live between the Tibareni in the west, the Mosynoeci in the north, and the Matieni in the southeast."
- ^ Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L.; Gilmour, Brian J.J.; Khakhutaishvili, Nana (2020). "The metal behind the myths: iron metallurgy in the south-eastern Black Sea region". Antiquity. 94 (374): 401–419. doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.16. S2CID 216245696.
- ^ Xenophon. Cyropaedia. Book 3. Chapter 2. [2]
- ^ Diakonov, Igor Mikhailovich (1984). The Pre-history of the Armenian People. Caravan Books. p. 162.
- ^ Paradeisopoulos, Iordanis K. (2013). "A Chronology Model for Xenophon's Anabasis": 662.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Pliny. The Natural History. Book 6. Chapter 10. [3]
- ^ Salia, Kalistrat (1983). History of the Georgian Nation. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. p. 181.
- ^ Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. 2001.
Bibliography
edit- Giorgi Leon Kavtaradze: Probleme der historischen Geographie Anatoliens und Transkaukasiens im ersten Jahrtausend v. Chr., in: Orbis Terrarum 2 (1996) S. 191-216
- David Marshall Lang, Грузины. Хранители святынь, Москва. Центрполиграф, 2006. pp. 71–72