Salvador Castaneda Castro (6 August 1888 – 5 March 1965) was President of El Salvador from 1 March 1945 to 14 December 1948. He had previously served as Interior Minister under President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez. He was elected unopposed during martial law in January 1945, and was overthrown in a coup by other military officers in December 1948.
Brigadier General Salvador Castaneda Castro | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 31st President of El Salvador | |
| In office 1 March 1945 – 14 December 1948 | |
| Vice President | Manuel Adriano Vilanova |
| Preceded by | Osmín Aguirre |
| Succeeded by | Revolutionary Council of Government Óscar Osorio as President |
| Minister of National Defense | |
| In office 1 March 1945 – March 1945 | |
| Preceded by | Salvador Peña Trejo |
| Succeeded by | Mauro Espínola Castro |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 6 August 1888 Chalchuapa, El Salvador |
| Died | 5 March 1965 (aged 76) San Salvador, El Salvador |
| Political party | Unification Social Democratic Party |
| Alma mater | Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School |
| Occupation | Military officer, politician |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  El Salvador |
| Branch/service | Salvadoran Army |
1944 Salvadoran uprisings
editA general strike had begun on 19 April 1944 in reaction to the repressive policies of the President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez,[1] which included acts of civil disobedience by workers, students, and government employees, who refused to attend work or school during the strike.[2] During the strike a member of the police killed the son of a wealthy United States immigrant. The US ambassador demanded an explanation, and the struggling economy also contributed to the pressure on Hernández Martínez, who resigned.[1] Before leaving for exile, Hernández Martínez appointed General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez as provisional president.[2] Although the strike succeeded in ousting Hernández Martínez, its leaders were not organized well enough to form an enduring organization.[2] Hernández Martínez' supporters also succeeded in arresting or exiling many of the leaders of the strike.[1]
In October 1944, Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, who had been the director of the National Police, staged a counter-coup along with many other very conservative military officials.[2] He promptly repressed most dissident groups.[2] This repression radicalized the opposition, which armed itself in neighboring Guatemala, which had just overthrown its dictator Jorge Ubico during the Guatemalan Revolution.[2] An armed uprising was launched by students in San Salvador on 8 December, followed by an insurgent attack from Guatemala four days later. Both movements were crushed by the Aguirre government, which thus consolidated its position in power.[2]
Presidency
editIn early 1945, Aguirre transferred power to Castaneda Castro.[2] In January 1945, Castaneda Castro was elected president, with the backing of the elites that had supported Hernández Martínez.[1] He contested the election as a candidate of Partido Agraria, or the Agrarian Party.[3] He faced no opposition in the election, and the country remained under martial law during the entire process.[2] Castaneda Castro had previously served as the interior minister in the government of Hernández Martínez,[4] as had many of the ministers that Castaneda Castro appointed.[2]
The Castaneda Castro government passed a measure that loosened the restrictions on labor unions in January 1946. However, the government did not liberalize its response to strikes; In October 1946, workers from a bakers union and a textile factory led a general strike in the hope of ousting Castaneda Castro from the presidency. The strike was put down by the government, and two hundred workers were arrested.[1] In September 1946, in response to a further strike, Castaneda Castro disbanded all the labor organizations and exiled their leaders.[2] The situation in the country during Castro's government has been described by historian Paul Almeida as a "state of siege.[2] R.V. Elam stated that the governments of Aguirre and Castaneda Castro "reestablished elitist rule, [and] restricted political activity."[2] James Dunkerley has stated that during Castaneda Castro's government, the country saw an economic recovery as the price of coffee rose, even as a return to democracy became less likely as the Cold War strengthened anti-communist sentiment.[3]
In 1945 Castaneda Castro met Guatemalan President Juan José Arévalo to discuss the possibility of a Central American Union. In 1946, the two presidents signed the Pact of Santa Ana, and a year afterward they signed the Pact of the Confederate Union of the Central American States. However, this project was never fully realized.[5]
Castro was deposed in a coup in December 1948, after he attempted to extend his stay in office.[1] He initially intended to hand over power in 1949, but it was clear that his chosen successor Mauro Espinola Castro was unpopular while Osmín Aguirre y Salinas was among the favourites to win the election. The coup was led by many younger military officers.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Armstrong, Robert; Shenk, Janet (1982). El Salvador: The Face of Revolution. South End Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780896081376. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Almeida, Paul D. (2008). Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9781452913520. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ a b Dunkerley, James (1992). Political Suicide in Latin America and Other Essays. Verso. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780860915607. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Krehm, William (1999). Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in the 1940s. COMER Publications. ISBN 9781896266817. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Rivarola Puntigliano, Andrés; Briceño-Ruiz, José (2013). Resilience of Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 131–132. ISBN 9781137328373. Retrieved 14 January 2016.