Cap product

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In algebraic topology the cap product is a method of adjoining a chain of degree p with a cochain of degree q, such that qp, to form a composite chain of degree pq. It was introduced by Eduard Čech in 1936, and independently by Hassler Whitney in 1938.

Definition

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Let X be a topological space and R a coefficient ring. The cap product is a bilinear map on singular homology and cohomology

 

defined by contracting a singular chain   with a singular cochain   by the formula:

 

Here, the notation   indicates the restriction of the simplicial map   to its face spanned by the vectors of the base, see Simplex.

Interpretation

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In analogy with the interpretation of the cup product in terms of the Künneth formula, we can explain the existence of the cap product in the following way. Using CW approximation we may assume that   is a CW-complex and   (and  ) is the complex of its cellular chains (or cochains, respectively). Consider then the composition   where we are taking tensor products of chain complexes,   is the diagonal map which induces the map   on the chain complex, and   is the evaluation map (always 0 except for  ).

This composition then passes to the quotient to define the cap product  , and looking carefully at the above composition shows that it indeed takes the form of maps  , which is always zero for  .

Fundamental class

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For any point   in  , we have the long-exact sequence in homology (with coefficients in  ) of the pair (M, M - {x}) (See Relative homology)

 

An element   of   is called the fundamental class for   if   is a generator of  . A fundamental class of   exists if   is closed and R-orientable. In fact, if   is a closed, connected and  -orientable manifold, the map   is an isomorphism for all   in   and hence, we can choose any generator of   as the fundamental class.

Relation with Poincaré duality

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For a closed  -orientable n-manifold   with fundamental class   in   (which we can choose to be any generator of  ), the cap product map   is an isomorphism for all  . This result is famously called Poincaré duality.

The slant product

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If in the above discussion one replaces   by  , the construction can be (partially) replicated starting from the mappings   and  

to get, respectively, slant products  :   and  

In case X = Y, the first one is related to the cap product by the diagonal map:  .

These ‘products’ are in some ways more like division than multiplication, which is reflected in their notation.

Equations

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The boundary of a cap product is given by :

 

Given a map f the induced maps satisfy :

 

The cap and cup product are related by :

 

where

 ,   and  

If   is allowed to be of higher degree than  , the last identity takes a more general form

 

which makes   into a right  -module.

See also

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References

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  • Hatcher, A., Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press (2002) ISBN 0-521-79540-0. Detailed discussion of homology theories for simplicial complexes and manifolds, singular homology, etc.
  • May JP (1999). A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology (PDF). University of Chicago Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2008-09-27. Section 2.7 provides a category-theoretic presentation of the theorem as a colimit in the category of groupoids.
  • slant product at the nLab
  • Poincaré duality at the nLab