Bracon is a genus of wasps in the Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps. There are several hundred described species but there are thousands still undescribed.[1] The genus is cosmopolitan, distributed throughout the world, with most of the described species occurring in the Palearctic realm.[1]
| Bracon | |
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| Bracon brevicornis with host | |
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| Genus: | Bracon Fabricius, 1805
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| Species | |
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500+ | |
These wasps are mostly ectoparasitoids, with the larvae developing on the outside of the body of the host. Recorded hosts include the larvae of many species of lepidopterans, beetles, flies, hymenopterans, and true bugs.[1] They are idiobionts, halting the development of the host when they lay eggs on its body. Some Bracon wasps are specific to one host species, and some are known to utilize many different hosts.[2] The eggs of the wasp can be very hardy. In one report, Bracon wasps oviposited on tortrix moth larvae, which then entered privet seeds and were consumed by birds along with the fruit. The wasp eggs were later excreted and the larvae emerged.[3]
This large genus has been divided into several subgenera, some of which are further divided into species-groups.[4] A DNA analysis showed that the genus is paraphyletic, that its subgenera and other defined groups are not all valid on a molecular basis, and that revising it into informal groups would be more practical.[5] Other authors still divide the genus into subgenera using morphological characters to make identification easier.[6]
Most of the thousands of species that fit into this genus have not yet been described, but even the number of named species is unclear, with estimates ranging from 500[7] to 1000.[5]
Species include:[8]
- Bracon acrobasidis
- Bracon agathymi
- Bracon americanus
- Bracon analcidis
- Bracon angelesius
- Bracon apicatus
- Bracon argutator
- Bracon bembeciae
- Bracon brachyurus
- Bracon brevicornis
- Bracon canadensis
- Bracon caulicola
- Bracon cephi
- Bracon cinctus
- Bracon connecticutorum
- Bracon cuscutae
- Bracon cushmani
- Bracon erucarum
- Bracon furtivus
- Bracon gastroideae
- Bracon gelechiae
- Bracon gemmaecola
- Bracon geraei
- Bracon gossypii
- Bracon gracilis
- Bracon hebetor
- Bracon helianthi
- Bracon hemimenae
- Bracon hobomok
- Bracon hyslopi
- Bracon jani
- Bracon kirkpatricki
- Bracon konkapoti
- Bracon laemosacci
- Bracon lineatellae
- Bracon lissogaster
- Bracon lutus
- Bracon mellitor
- Bracon metacomet
- Bracon minutator
- Bracon montowesi
- Bracon nanus
- Bracon nevadensis
- Bracon niger
- Bracon nuperus
- Bracon oenotherae
- Bracon palliventris
- Bracon papaipemae
- Bracon pascuensis
- Bracon piceiceps
- Bracon piger
- Bracon pini
- Bracon podunkorum
- Bracon predatorius Ranjith & Quicke, 2022 [9]
- Bracon quinnipiacorum
- Bracon radicis
- Bracon rhyssomati
- Bracon rosaceani
- Bracon rufomarginatus
- Bracon sanninoideae
- Bracon scanticorum
- Bracon sesiae
- Bracon sphenophori
- Bracon sulcifrons
- Bracon tachypteri
- Bracon tenuiceps
- Bracon tenuis
- Bracon terebella
- Bracon tychii
- Bracon uncas
- Bracon variabilis
- Bracon vulgaris[10]
- Bracon wawequa
- Bracon xanthonotus
References edit
- ^ a b c Ameri, A., et al. (2013). Study of the genus Bracon Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Southern Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3754(4), 353-80.
- ^ Žikić, V., et al. (2012). Checklist of the genus Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Serbia. Archived October 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Biologica Nyssana 3(1), 21-29.
- ^ Hernández, Ángel; Falcó, José Vicente (2008). "Frugivorous birds dispersing braconid parasitoids via endozoochory". Entomological Science. 11 (3): 323–326. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2008.00283.x. S2CID 85424432.
- ^ Papp, J. (2000). First synopsis of the species of obscurator species-group, genus Bracon, subgenus Glabrobracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Braconinae). In: Merkl, O. (Ed.). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 92 229-64. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest.
- ^ a b Belshaw, Robert; Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Degerli, Naci; Quicke, Donald L. J. (2001). "Paraphyletic taxa and taxonomic chaining: Evaluating the classification of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using 28S D2-3 rDNA sequences and morphological characters". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 73 (4): 411–424. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01370.x.
- ^ Papp, J. (2012). A revision of the Bracon Fabricius species in Wesmael's collection deposited in Brussels (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 0(21).
- ^ Quicke, D. L. J. and M. J. Sharkey. (1989). A key to and notes on the genera of Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from America north of Mexico with descriptions of two new genera and three new species. Can Ent 121 337-61.
- ^ Bracon. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
- ^ Ranjith, A. P.; Quicke, Donald L. J.; Manjusha, K.; Butcher, Buntika A.; Nasser, M. (2022). "Completely predatory development is described in a braconid wasp". Scientific Reports. 12. article 1747. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05705-x. PMC 8810843. PMID 35110585. S2CID 246481177.
- ^ Magalhães, Diego Martins; Da Silva, Izabela Thaís Fidelis Alves; Borges, Miguel; Laumann, Raúl Alberto; Blassioli-Moraes, Maria Carolina (27 March 2019). "Anthonomus grandis aggregation pheromone induces cotton indirect defence and attracts the parasitic wasp Bracon vulgaris". Journal of Experimental Botany. 70 (6): 1891–1901. doi:10.1093/jxb/erz040. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
Naveed k. 2019. Reseach Entomology
External links edit
- Ward, D. F. 2014. Bracon: Images and Factsheets. In: Braconidae of New Zealand. Landcare Research.