The Raggle Taggle Gypsy

(Redirected from Black Jack Davy)

"The Raggle Taggle Gypsy" (Roud 1, Child 200), is a traditional folk song that originated as a Scottish border ballad, and has been popular throughout Britain, Ireland and North America. It concerns a rich lady who runs off to join the gypsies (or one gypsy). Common alternative names are "Gypsy Davy", "The Raggle Taggle Gypsies O", "The Gypsy Laddie(s)", "Black Jack David" (or "Davy") and "Seven Yellow Gypsies".

The Raggle Taggle Gypsy
English folk song
CatalogueChild Ballad 200
Roud Folk Song Index 1
GenreBorder ballad
LanguageEnglish
Also known by several other names e.g. "Gypsy Davy", "The Raggle Taggle Gypsies O", "The Gypsy Laddie(s)", "Black Jack David" (or "Davy"), "Seven Yellow Gypsies"
Cover of Francis James Child's ''English and Scottish Popular Ballads'

In the folk tradition the song was extremely popular, spread all over the English-speaking world by broadsheets and oral tradition.[1]

Synopsis

edit

The core of the song's story is that a lady forsakes a life of luxury to run off with a band of gypsies. In some versions there is one individual, named Johnny Faa or Black Jack Davy, whereas in others there is one leader and his six brothers. In some versions the lady is identified as Margaret Kennedy, the wife of the Scottish Earl of Cassilis.

In a typical version, the lord comes home to find his lady "gone with the gypsy laddie". Sometimes this is because the gypsies have charmed her with their singing or even cast a spell over her.

He saddles his fastest horse to follow her. He finds her and bids her come home, asking "Would you forsake your husband and child?" She refuses to return, in many versions, preferring the cold ground, stating, "What care I for your fine feather sheets?", and the gypsy's company to her lord's wealth and fine bed.

At the end of some versions, the husband kills the gypsies. In the local Cassilis tradition, they are hanged on the Cassilis Dule Tree.

Origins and early history

edit

"The Gypsy Loddy", c.1720

edit

The earliest text may be "The Gypsy Loddy", published in the Roxburghe Ballads with an assigned date of 1720. The first two verses of this version are as follows:

There was seven gypsies all in a gang,

They were brisk and bonny, O;

They rode till they came to the Earl of Casstle's house,

And there they sang most sweetly, O.


The Earl of Castle's lady came down,

With the waiting-maid beside her;

As soon as her fair face they saw,

They called their grandmother over.

In the final two lines shown above, they called their grandmother over is assumed to be a corruption of They cast their glamour over her (i.e. they cast a spell), not vice versa. This is the motivation in many texts for the lady leaving her lord; in others she leaves of her own free will.[2]

Johnny Faa and the Earl of Cassilis

edit
 
Allan Ramsay

A more certain date than that of "The Gypsy Loddy", c.1720 of a version from 1740 in Allan Ramsay's Tea-Table Miscellany, which included the ballad as of "The Gypsy Johnny Faa". Many printed versions after this appear to copy Ramsay, including nineteenth century broadside versions.[3] Nick Tosches, in his Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock 'N' Roll, spends part of his first chapter examining the song's history. The ballad, according to Tosches, retells the story of John Faa, a Scottish 17th-century Gypsy outlaw, and Lady Jane Hamilton, wife of The Earl of Cassilis (identified in local tradition as the John Kennedy 6th Earl of Cassilis). Lord Cassilis led a band of men (some sources say 16, others 7), to abduct her. They were caught and hanged on the "Dool Tree" in 1643. The "Gypsies" were killed (except for one, who escaped) and Lady Jane Hamilton was imprisoned for the remainder of her life, dying in 1642. Tosches also compares the song's narrative to the ancient Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice.[4]

Common ancestor and "Lady Cassiles Lilt"

edit

Differences between "The Gypsy Loddy" (c.1720) and "The Gypsy Johnny Faa" (1740) suggest that they derive from one or more earlier versions, so the song is most likely at least as old as the seventeenth century. B. H. Bronson[5] discovered that a tune in the Skene manuscripts and dated earlier than 1600, resembles later tunes for this song and is entitled "Lady Cassiles Lilt".[6] The inference is that a song concerning Lord and Lady Cassilis existed before the two earliest manuscripts, and was the source of both.

Robert Burns

edit

Robert Burns used the song in his Reliques of Robert Burns; consisting chiefly of original letters, poems, and critical observations on Scottish songs (1808). Due to the Romanichal origins of the main protagonist Davie or Johnny Faa, the ballad was translated into Anglo-Romany in 1890 by the Gypsy Lore Society.[7][8]

Traditional recordings

edit

Hundreds of versions of the song survived in the oral tradition well into the twentieth century and were recorded by folklorists from traditional singers.

 
Percy Grainger, 1907, composer and song collector

The song was popular in England, where recordings were made of figures including Harry Cox,[9] Walter Pardon[10] and Frank Hinchliffe[11] singing the song in the 1960s and 70s. In 1908, the composer and song collector Percy Grainger used phonograph technology to record a man named Archer Lane of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire singing a version of the song; the recording is available in two parts on the British Library Sound Archive website.[12][13]

Many Irish traditional singers have performed versions learnt in the oral tradition, including Paddy Tunney,[14] John Reilly[15] and Robert Cinnamond;[16] Paddy Tunney's recording is available on the Irish Traditional Music Archive.[17]

Some traditional recordings were made in Scotland, including by the Scottish traveller Jeannie Robertson[18] and her daughter Lizzie Higgins, whose version can be heard online via the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library.[19]

The song has been recorded many times in the United States, mostly under the title of "Gypsy Davy" or "Black Jack Davy", by people whose ancestors brought the songs from the British Isles. American performers include the Appalachian musicians Jean Ritchie,[20] Buell Kazee,[21] Bascom Lamar Lunsford,[22] Dillard Chandler[23] and Texas Gladden;[24] James Madison Carpenter recorded a woman singing a version in Boone, North Carolina in the early 1930s, which can be heard on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library website.[25] Many traditional Ozark singers including Almeda Riddle[26] and Ollie Gilbert[27] whose recording can be heard via the Max Hunter collection.[28]

The following four verses are the beginning of the Ritchie family version of "Gypsy Laddie", as sung by Jean Ritchie:

An English lord came home one night

Inquiring for his Lady.

The servants said on every hand,

She’s gone with the Gypsy Laddie.

 
Jean Ritchie, Appalachian singer

Go saddle up my milk white steed,

Go saddle me up my brownie,

And I will ride both night and day

Till I overtake my bonnie.


Oh, he rode East and he rode West,

And at last he found her.

She was lying on the green, green grass

And the gypsy’s arms all around her.


Oh, how can you leave your house and land?

How can you leave your money?

How can you leave your rich, young Lord

To be a gypsy’s bonnie?

Recent history

edit

At the start of the twentieth century, one version, collected and set to piano accompaniment by Cecil Sharp, reached a much wider public. Under the title "The Wraggle Taggle Gypsies O!", it was published in several collections, most notably one entitled English Folk Songs for Schools,[29] leading the song to be taught to generations of English school children. It was later occasionally used by jazz musicians, for example the instrumental "Raggle Taggle" by the Territory band Boots and His Buddies, and the vocal recording by Maxine Sullivan.

In America, the country music recording industry spread versions of the song by such notable musicians as Cliff Carlisle and the Carter Family, and later by the rockabilly singer Warren Smith, under the title "Black Jack David". In the American folk music revival, Woody Guthrie sang and copyrighted a version he called "Gypsy Davy" (which was later also sung by his son Arlo).

edit

A vast number of artists and groups have recorded the song. This selection is limited to artists and/or albums found in other Wikipedia articles:

Album or single title Performer Year Title variant Notes
Early American Ballads' John Jacob Niles 1938 "The Gypsie Laddie" 78 rpm record album
"Black Jack David" Cliff Carlisle 1939 "Black Jack David" Single on Decca label, reissued on Blue Yodeller And Steel Guitar Wizard (1996)
& A Country Legacy (2004)
"Black Jack David" Carter Family 1940 "Black Jack David" Single on Okeh label, resissued on several albums
"Gypsy Davy" Woody Guthrie 1944 "Gypsy Davy" Single recorded by Moses Asch reissued on several albums
"Black Jack David" T. Texas Tyler 1952 "Black Jack David" Single, reissued on CD by the British Archive of Country Music (BACM)
"Black Jack David" Warren Smith 1956 "Black Jack David" Single, reissued on several albums
"The Wraggle Taggle Gipsies"
Folk Songs & Ballades of Elizabethan England
Alfred Deller 1956 "The Wraggle Taggle Gipsies" Vinyl LP the Cecil Sharp version sung in Elizabethan style by countertenor
The Foggy Dew and Other Traditional English Love Songs A. L. Lloyd 1956 "The Seven Gypsies"
Pete Seeger Sings American Ballads Pete Seeger 1957 "Gypsy Davy"
Songs and Ballads of the Ozarks Almeda Riddle 1960 "Black Jack Davey"
British Traditional Ballads in the Southern Mountains Volume 1 Jean Ritchie 1961 "Gypsy Laddie"
The English And Scottish Popular Ballads
Vol.2, F.J. Child Ballads
Ewan MacColl 1961 "The Gypsy Laddie"
Folk, Blues and Beyond Davey Graham 1964 "Seven Gypsies"
All the Good Times Alice Stuart 1964 "Black Jack David"
Remembrance of Things to Come New Lost City Ramblers 1966 "Black Jack Daisy"
The Power of the True Love Knot Shirley Collins 1968 "Seven Yellow Gypsies"
Prince Heathen Martin Carthy and Dave Swarbrick 1969 "Seven Yellow Gypsies" Reissued on Martin Carthy: A Collection (Topic: TSCD750, 1999), Carthy also sings it live in the studio in July 2006 for the DVD Guitar Maestros.
Ride a Hustler's Dream Elmer Gantry's Velvet Opera 1969 "Black Jack Davy"
I Looked Up The Incredible String Band 1970 "Black Jack Davy" Also (as "Black Jack David") on Earthspan (1972)
The Kerbside Entertainers[30] Don Partridge 1971 "Raggle Taggle Gypsies" Solo vocal with acoustic guitar
Last of the Brooklyn Cowboys Arlo Guthrie 1973 "Gypsy Davy" Charted at #23 on Billboard Easy Listening chart
Planxty Planxty 1973 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy" Version learnt from John Reilly (see below 1977)
The Shipbuilder Bob Pegg & Nick Strutt 1974 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsies"
Mo’ Roots Taj Mahal (musician) 1974 "Blackjack Davey"
All Around My Hat Steeleye Span 1975 "Black Jack Davy" Also on On Tour and Gone to Australia (live albums)
and Present - The Very Best of Steeleye Span (2002)
For Pence and Spicy Ale Mike Waterson 1975 "Seven Yellow Gypsies"
Are Ye Sleeping Maggie The Tannahill Weavers 1976 "The Gypsy Laddie"
Traditional Ballads of Scotland Alex Campbell 1977 "The Gypsy Laddie"
The Bonny Green Tree
Songs of an Irish Traveller
John Reilly 1977 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy" Recorded 1967 The version learnt by Christy Moore
and popularised among Irish groups
Shreds and Patches John Kirkpatrick & Sue Harris 1977 "The Gypsy Laddie"
There Was a Maid Dolores Keane 1978 "Seven Yellow Gypsies" Version of Paddy Doran (see below 2012)
Watching the White Wheat The King's Singers 1986 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsies" The Cecil Sharp version, highly arranged for male-voice a capella group
The Voice of the People Vol 6
Tonight I'll Make You My Bride
Walter Pardon 1988 "The Raggle-Taggle Gypsies" Recorded 1975
The Voice of the People Vol 17
It Fell on a Day, a Bonny Summer Day
Jeannie Robertson 1988 "The Gypsy Laddies" Recorded 1953
In Search of Nic Jones Nic Jones 1988 "Seven Yellow Gypsies" Recorded 1981 for BBC Radio 2 Radio Folk
Room to Roam The Waterboys 1990 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
New Britain: The Roots of American Folksong Boston Camerata 1990 "Gipsy Davy"
The Boatman's Daughter Golden Bough 1992 "Black Jack Davy" This version written by Paul Espinoza of Golden Bough
Fiddler's Green Fiddler's Green 1992 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
Good as I Been to You Bob Dylan 1992 "Blackjack Davey"
Serrated Edge Tempest 1992 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
Sunken Treasures Tempest 1993 "Black Jack Davy" A Cover of the Golden Bough song of the same name
Gypsies & Lovers The Irish Descendants 1994 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
Comet Cordelia's Dad 1995 "Gypsy Davy"
The True Lover's Farewell – Appalachian Folk Ballads Custer LaRue 1995 "Gypsen Davey"
Neat and Complete Sandra Kerr & Nancy Kerr 1996 "Seven Yellow Gypsies"
Starry Gazy Pie Nancy Kerr & James Fagan 1997 "Seven Yellow Gypsies"
October Song The House Band 1998 "Seven Yellow Gypsies"
Pastures of Plenty JSD Band 1998 "The Gypsy Laddie"
Blackjack David Dave Alvin 1998 "Blackjack David"
Traveller Christy Moore 1999 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
Os Amores Libres Carlos Núñez 1999 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy" Sung by Mike Scott
Broken Ground Waterson–Carthy 1999 "Raggle Taggle Gypsies" Sung by Eliza Carthy
Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music, Vol. 4 Carter Family 2000 "Black Jack David" Reissue of 1940 recording (see above)
Long Expectant Comes At Last Cathal McConnell 2000 "The Gypsies" Also in "I Have Travelled This Country – Songs of Cathal McConnell", a book of 123 songs with accompanying recordings
The Alan Lomax Collection: Portraits
Texas Gladden – Ballad Legacy
Texas Gladden 2001 "Gypsy Davy" Recorded 1941
The Bonny Labouring Boy Harry Cox 2001 "Black-Hearted Gypsies O" Recorded 1965
Hattie Mae Tyler Cargill Debra Cowan 2001 "Dark-Skinned Davy"
Wayfaring Stranger: Folksongs Andreas Scholl 2001 "The Wraggle-Taggle Gypsies, O!" Sung as dialogue between counter-tenor and baritone,
accompanied by Edin Karamazov & the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra.
Away with the Fairies Mad Dog Mcrea 2002 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
Further Down the Old Plank Road The Chieftains 2003 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy" Featuring Nickel Creek
Seven Nation Army The White Stripes 2003 "Black Jack Davey" B-side of Seven Nation Army CD single
Swinging Miss Loch Lomond 1952–1959 Maxine Sullivan 2004 "Wraggle-Taggle Gypsies" Single recorded in 1950's
With Us The Black Pine 2004 "Black Jack David"
Voice Alison Moyet 2004 "The Wraggle-Taggle Gypsies-O"
The Irish Connection Johnny Logan 2007 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
Celtic Fire Rapalje 2007 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
The Song Train Harvey Reid 2007 "Black Jack Davy" Sung by Joyce Andersen
Act Two Celtic Thunder 2008 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
Fotheringay 2 Fotheringay 2008 "Gypsy Davey" Recorded 1970
A Folk Song a Day: April Jon Boden 2011 "Seven Yellow Gypsies"
The Voice of the People
Good People Take Warning
Paddy Doran 2012 "Seven Yellow Gypsies" Recorded 1952
The Voice of the People
I'm A Romani Rai
Carolyne Hughes 2012 "The Draggle-Tail Gypsies" Recorded 1968
The Speyside Sessions Speyside Sessions 2012 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
A North Country Lass Lesley Garrett 2012 "The Raggle Taggle Gypsies" The Cecil Sharp version, performed by classical soprano and orchestra
My Dearest Darkest Neighbor Hurray for the Riff Raff 2013 "Black Jack Davey"
Country Soul Derek Ryan 2013 "Raggle-Taggle Gypsy"
The Norway Sessions The Electrics 2014 "Rockin' Taggle Gypsy"
"Raggle Taggle Gypsy" Dylan Walshe 2015 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy" Muddy Roots label, appears on the live album Soul Hell Cafe
From Without Ferocious Dog 2015 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
Ballads Long and Short John Roberts and Debra Cowan 2015 "Gypsum Davey"
Strange Country Kacy & Clayton 2016 "Seven Yellow Gypsies"
Look Both Ways Steamchicken 2017 "Gypsy"
Origins Dark Moor 2018 "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
The Livelong Day Lankum 2019 "The Dark Eyed Gypsy"
“Gypsy Davey” b/w “Mushi No Uta” Kikagaku Moyo 2020 "Gypsy Davey" Single released on SubPop, follows the arrangement of Fotheringay’s 1970 version (released in 2008)
Mighty Poplar Mighty Poplar 2023 "Blackjack Davy"
edit

The song "The Whistling Gypsy" also describes a lady running off with a "gypsy rover". However, there is no melancholy, no hardship and no conflict.

The Bob Dylan song "Tin Angel" from 2012's album Tempest is derived from "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy".

The song "Lizzie Lindsay" has a similar theme. Robert Burns adapted the song into "Sweet Tibby Dunbar", a shorter version of the story. There is also a children's version by Elizabeth Mitchell which has lyrical content changed to be about a young girl "charming hearts of the ladies", and sailing "across the deep blue sea, where the skies are always sunny".

Although the hero of this song is often called "Johnny Faa" or even "Davy Faa", he should not be confused with the hero/villain of "Davy Faa (Remember the Barley Straw)". [Silber and Silber misidentify all their texts] as deriving from "Child 120", which is actually "Robin Hood's Death". According to The Faber Book of Ballads the name Faa was common among Gypsies in the 17th century.

Bella Hardy's song "Good Man's Wife" is in the voice of Lord Cassillis' wife. The theme of the song is how she fell in love with the gypsy as her marriage turned cold, and the song ends with the familiar exchange of featherbed and wealth for sleeping in a field with her love; the husband's pursuit does not occur.

Broadsides

edit
  • Bodleian, Harding B 11(1446), "Gypsy Laddie", W. Stephenson (Gateshead), 1821–1838; also Harding B 11(2903), "Gypsy Loddy"; Harding B 19(45), "The Dark-Eyed Gipsy O"; Harding B 25(731), "Gipsy Loddy"; Firth b.25(220), "The Gipsy Laddy"; Harding B 11(1317), "The Gipsy Laddie, O"; Firth b.26(198), Harding B 15(116b), 2806 c.14(140), "The Gipsy Laddie"; Firth b.25(56), "Gypsie Laddie"
  • Murray, Mu23-y3:030, "The Gypsy Laddie", unknown, 19C
  • NLScotland, L.C.Fol.178.A.2(092), "The Gipsy Laddie", unknown, c. 1875

References

edit
  1. ^ Roud, Steve & Julia Bishop (2012). The New Penguin Book of Folk Songs. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-119461-5. p. 446
  2. ^ quoted in Roud & Bishop, p. 447.
  3. ^ Roud & Bishop, p. 447.
  4. ^ Tosches, Nick. (1996). Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock 'N' Roll. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80713-0.
  5. ^ Bronson, Bernard Harris, The Traditional Tunes of The Child Ballads, Princeton University Press. 1959–1972. Cited by Roud & Bishop p 447.
  6. ^ Child, "Raggle-Taggle Gypsies".
  7. ^ Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society Vol. II, London 1890–91
  8. ^ The English and Scottish popular ballads By Francis James Child
  9. ^ "The Black-guarded Gipsies (Roud Folksong Index S169369)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Raggle Taggle Gypsies (Roud Folksong Index S340395)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  11. ^ "The Wraggle Taggle Gipsies (Roud Folksong Index S376441)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Raggle tailed Gypsies (The wraggle taggle Gipsies O) (part 1) – Percy Grainger ethnographic wax cylinders – World and traditional music | British Library – Sounds". sounds.bl.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Raggle tailed Gypsies (The wraggle taggle Gipsies O) (part 2) – Percy Grainger ethnographic wax cylinders – World and traditional music | British Library – Sounds". sounds.bl.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Seven Little Gipsies (Roud Folksong Index S444212)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  15. ^ "The Gypsie Laddie (Roud Folksong Index S237119)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  16. ^ "The Gypsie Laddie (Roud Folksong Index S237110)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  17. ^ Archive, Irish Traditional Music (19 May 2021). "Seven little gipsies, song / Paddy Tunney, singing in English". ITMA. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  18. ^ "The Gipsy Laddie (Roud Folksong Index S206528)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  19. ^ "Three Gypsies (Roud Folksong Index S304829)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  20. ^ "The Gypsum Davy (Roud Folksong Index S341692)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  21. ^ "Black Jack Davy (Roud Folksong Index S311526)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  22. ^ "Black Jack Davy (Roud Folksong Index S318192)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  23. ^ "Black Jack Daisy (Roud Folksong Index S198795)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  24. ^ "Gypsy Davy (Roud Folksong Index S237130)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  25. ^ "Gypsy Laddie, The (VWML Song Index SN19166)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  26. ^ "Black Jack Davey (Roud Folksong Index S301887)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  27. ^ "Gypsy Davey (Roud Folksong Index S267950)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  28. ^ "Song Information". maxhunter.missouristate.edu. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  29. ^ Baring Gould, Sabine and Cecil Sharp English Folk Songs for Schools. 1906. Curwen.
  30. ^ President Records / Jay Boy JSX2009
edit