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Afro-Grenadians or Black Grenadians are Grenadian people of largely African descent. This term is not generally recognised by Grenadians or indeed Caribbeans. They usually refer to themselves simply as 'Grenadians' or 'Caribbean'. The term was first coined by an African Americans history professor, John Henrik Clarke (1915–1998), in his piece entitled A Note on Racism in History.[1] The term may also refer to a Grenadian of African ancestry. Social interpretations of race are mutable rather than deterministic and neither physical appearance nor ancestry are used straightforwardly to determine whether a person is considered a Black Grenadian. According to the 2012 Census, 82% of Grenada's population is Black, 13% is mixed European and black and 2% is of Indian origin. (Europeans are less than 1% of the population.)[2]
  | |
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 101,309 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Grenada | |
| Languages | |
| Mainly Grenadian Creole English, standard English, French and Grenadian Creole French | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Afro-American religions, traditional African religions, Islam |
History
editOn 17 March 1649, a French expedition of 203 men from Martinique, led by Jacques Dyel du Parquet who had been the Governor of Martinique on behalf of the Compagnie des Iles de l'Amerique (Company of the Isles of America) since 1637, landed at St. Georges Harbour and constructed a fortified settlement, which they named Fort Annunciation.[3] By 1700, Grenada had a population of 257 French (whites) and 53 coloureds with 525 enslaved Africans to work on 3 sugar estates and 52 indigo plantations.[4]
More than half a century later, when Grenada was captured by the British during the Seven Years' War (1762) and formally ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris, the English began to import their own enslaved Africans for use on their cotton, sugar and tobacco plantations.[5] It is believed that most of the slaves who were imported to Grenada embarked from Nigeria (specifically Igbo and Yoruba,[6] more than 37,000, 34% of the enslaved people of the island)[7] and Ghana[8][9] (Fante people,[10] more than 18,000, 19% of the enslaved people of the island).[7] To a lesser extent, enslaved people were also imported from Senegambia (more than 5,000, 4.9% of the slaves of the island),[7] Guinea,[11] Sierra Leone (more than 12,000, 11% of the slaves of the island), Windward Coast (more than 14,000, 13% of the enslaved people of the island), Bight of Benin (more than 5,800, 5,4% of the slaves of the island),[7] Congo (specifically Kongos) and Angola.[6] The slaves of Central Africa numbered more than 12,000 people, 11% of the enslaved of Grenada.[7] Many of the enslaved people were also Mandinka. The first British census of Grenada, in 1700, recorded 525 slaves and 53 freed from slavery living on the island. Julien Fédon, a mulatto plantation owner of the Belvedere estate in the St. John Parish, led a violent rebellion against British rule on the night of 2 March 1795. Clearly influenced by the ideas emerging from the French Revolution, especially the Convention's abolition of slavery in 1794, Fédon and his troops took control of all of Grenada (except the parish of St. George's, the seat of government), who afterwards freed the slaves who participated in the rebellion. The struggle of the enslaved for their rights continued for a year and a half (between March 1795 and June 1796), until the British regained control of the island. The British, as a punishment for disobedience and rebellion, executed the alleged leaders of the rebellion, however, Fédon was never captured. Slavery in Grenada was finally abolished by British law in 1834,[12] and all enslaved people were freed by 1 August 1838.[13]
Religious groups
editMost black Grenadians are Christian, with the largest groups being Roman Catholics and Anglicans. There is also a Muslim minority of black Grenadians.[citation needed]
Genetics
editAutosomal DNA
editIn addition to being found to have 6.8% (±4.6%) Native American and 12.1% (±11.2%) European ancestry, Afro-Grenadians, who were sampled in 2013, were found to be 81.1% (±11.3%) West African.[14]
Medical DNA
editRisk allele variants G1 and G2 are associated with chronic kidney disease, which are common among populations of Sub-Saharan African ancestry; the G2 variant occurs at a 3%-8% rate among populations of western Central African ancestry and origin.[15]
Some infectious diseases are protected against due to African ancestry.[15] Hereditary blood disorders, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, produce an effect on the development of hemoglobin, which, consequently, prevents the reproduction of malaria parasites within the erythrocyte.[15] Populations with West African ancestry, including among the African diaspora brought via the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, tend to have occurrences of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.[15]Notable black Grenadians
edit- Alleyne Francique
- Antonio German, (Grenadian parents)
- Ricky German (Grenadian parents)
- Cameron Jerome, (Grenadian parents)
- Dejon Noel-Williams, (Grenadian grandfather)
- Eric Matthew Gairy
- Gifton Noel-Williams
- Herbert A. Blaize
- Ben Jones
- Darren Modoo
- Nathaniel Clyne (Grenadian parents)
- Nicholas Brathwaite
- George Brizan
- Amanda Seales (Grenadian mother)
- Lewis Hamilton (Grenadian grandfather)
- Kairo Mitchell (grenadian father)
- Keith Mitchell
- Tillman Thomas
- Kirani James
- Paul Scoon
- Alister Hughes
- Maurice Bishop
- Johnson Gideon Beharry
- Yazmeen Jamieson (Grenadian mother)
- Malcolm X (Grenadian mother)
- Craig David (Grenadian father)
- Jason Roberts (Grenadian parents)
- Stella Parkes(Black/Blood-Pudding specialist(Grenadian mother))
- Fitzroy Parkes(Former Cricketer,Taxi Driver)(Grenadian father)
- Geoff Mitchell (Grenadian parents)
- Jason Belfon
- Jermaine Beckford (Grenadian mother)
- Josh Gabriel
- Saydrel Lewis
- Shavon John-Brown (Grenadian Parents)
- Jean Augustine
References
edit- ^ Freedomways (1974). A Note on Racism in History (14, no. 4 ed.). Freedomways. pp. 347–349.
- ^ "Grenada factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- ^ Steele, Beverley A. (2003). Grenada. A History of its People. Macmillan. p. 38. ISBN 0-201-52396-5.
- ^ Steele, Beverley A. (2003). Grenada. A History of its People. Macmillan. p. 58. ISBN 0-201-52396-5.
- ^ The Colonial Office List. Harrison. 1867. p. 42.
- ^ a b The Fédons of Grenada, 1763-1814
- ^ a b c d e African origins of the slaves from British and former British Antilles
- ^ Stories of high status Africans | Personal stories: Enslaved Africans
- ^ Poder local, poder global en América Latina (in Spanish:Local power, global power in Latin America) - Página 128
- ^ Del olvido a la memoria: 4: las voces de los esclavizados, los sonidos de la libertad (in Spanish: From Oblivion to Memory: 4: the voices of the enslaved, the sounds of freedom); 2008.
- ^ Big drum nation. The Experience of the Slave Trade and Slavery: Slave Narratives and the Oral History of Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, Final Archived 2015-06-08 at the Wayback Machine. Posted by David Omowale
- ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1835). Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 93.
- ^ General Report of the Emigration Commissioners. H.M. Stationery Office. 1839. p. 169.
- ^ Torres, Jada Benn; et al. (25 Jan 2012). "Y chromosome lineages in men of west African descent". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29687. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729687T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029687. OCLC 7919015239. PMC 3266241. PMID 22295064. S2CID 6850246.
- ^ a b c d Tříska, Petr (2016). "Genetic Legacy Of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade In Present Populations: Anthropological And Clinical Context" (PDF). University of Porto. pp. 47, 49–50, 52. S2CID 132835585.
