Bismuth(III) iodide

Bismuth(III) iodide
Names
	IUPAC name Bismuth(III) iodide
	Other names Bismuth iodide, bismuth triiodide
Identifiers
CAS Number	7787-64-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	21172753;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.207
EC Number	232-127-4;
PubChem CID	111042;
UNII	BGX9X3FOLL ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3064853 ;
	InChI InChI=1/Bi.3HI.3H/h;31H;;;/q+3;;;;;;/p-3/rBiH3.3HI/h1H3;31H/q+3;;;/p-3 Key: HXTWPIJUKIDKIH-ZPTXHWADAA;
	SMILES [I-].[I-].[I-].[BiH3+3];
Properties
Chemical formula	BiI3
Molar mass	589.69 g/mol
Appearance	Greenish-black crystals
Density	5.778 g/cm3
Melting point	408.6 °C (767.5 °F; 681.8 K)
Boiling point	542 °C (1,008 °F; 815 K)
Solubility in water	0.7761 mg/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp)	7.71×10−19
Solubility	50 g/100 mL ethanol; 50 g/100 mL 2 M hydrochloric acid
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−200.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
Crystal structure	Trigonal, hR24
Space group	R-3, No. 148
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H314
Precautionary statements	P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1
Related compounds
Other anions	Bismuth(III) fluoride; Bismuth(III) chloride; Bismuth(III) bromide
Other cations	Nitrogen triiodide; Phosphorus triiodide; Antimony triiodide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Bismuth(III) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula Bi I₃. This gray-black salt is the product of the reaction of bismuth and iodine, which once was of interest in qualitative inorganic analysis.^[3]^[4]

Bismuth(III) iodide adopts a distinctive crystal structure, with iodide centres occupying a hexagonally closest-packed lattice, and bismuth centres occupying either none or two-thirds of the octahedral holes (alternating by layer), therefore it is said to occupy one third of the total octahedral holes.^[5]^[6]

Synthesis

Bismuth(III) iodide forms upon heating an intimate mixture of iodine and bismuth powder:^[7]^[8]

2Bi + 3I₂ → 2BiI₃

BiI₃ can also be made by the reaction of bismuth oxide with aqueous hydroiodic acid:^[9]

Bi₂O₃(s) + 6HI(aq) → 2BiI₃(s) + 3H₂O(l)

Reactions

Since bismuth(III) iodide is insoluble in water, an aqueous solution can be tested for the presence of Bi³⁺ ions by adding a source of iodide such as potassium iodide. A black precipitate of bismuth(III) iodide indicates a positive test.^[10]

Bismuth(III) iodide forms iodobismuth(III) anions when heated with halide donors:^[11]

2 NaI + BiI₃ → Na₂[BiI₅]

Bismuth(III) iodide catalyzes the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Bi(III) is also used in a Barbier type allylation of carbonyl compounds in combination with a reducing agent such as zinc or magnesium.

References

^ John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–188. ISBN 978-1138561632.
^ Norman, Nicholas C. (1998), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Springer, p. 95, ISBN 0-7514-0389-X, retrieved 2008-06-03
^ "Bismuth iodide", McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, McGraw-Hill, 2003, retrieved 2008-06-19
^ Turner, Jr., Francis M.; Berolzheimer, Daniel D.; Cutter, William P.; Helfrich, John (1920), The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, New York: Chemical Catalog Company, p. 107, retrieved 2008-06-19
^ Smart, Lesley; Moore, Elaine A. (2005), Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction, CRC Press, p. 40, ISBN 0-7487-7516-1, retrieved 2008-06-19
^ Mackay, Rosemary Ann; Henderson, W. (2002), Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, CRC Press, pp. 122–6, ISBN 0-7487-6420-8, retrieved 2008-06-19
^ Watt, George W.; Hakki, Wafai W.; Choppin, Gregory R. (1953). "Bismuth(III) Iodide". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 4. pp. 114–116. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch38. ISBN 978-0-470-13163-3.
^ Erdmann, Hugo; Dunlap, Frederick Leavy (1900), Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 76, retrieved 2008-06-19
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Bruno, Thomas J.; Svoronos, Paris D. N. (2003), Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, p. 549, ISBN 0-8493-1573-5, retrieved 2008-06-19
^ Norman, Nicholas C. (1998), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Springer, pp. 168–70, ISBN 0-7514-0389-X, retrieved 2008-06-19

[crc-1] John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–188. ISBN 978-1138561632.

[2] Norman, Nicholas C. (1998), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Springer, p. 95, ISBN 0-7514-0389-X, retrieved 2008-06-03

[mgh-3] "Bismuth iodide", McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, McGraw-Hill, 2003, retrieved 2008-06-19

[ccd-4] Turner, Jr., Francis M.; Berolzheimer, Daniel D.; Cutter, William P.; Helfrich, John (1920), The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, New York: Chemical Catalog Company, p. 107, retrieved 2008-06-19

[ssc-5] Smart, Lesley; Moore, Elaine A. (2005), Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction, CRC Press, p. 40, ISBN 0-7487-7516-1, retrieved 2008-06-19

[intro-6] Mackay, Rosemary Ann; Henderson, W. (2002), Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, CRC Press, pp. 122–6, ISBN 0-7487-6420-8, retrieved 2008-06-19

[Watt-7] Watt, George W.; Hakki, Wafai W.; Choppin, Gregory R. (1953). "Bismuth(III) Iodide". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 4. pp. 114–116. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch38. ISBN 978-0-470-13163-3.

[Erdmann-8] Erdmann, Hugo; Dunlap, Frederick Leavy (1900), Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 76, retrieved 2008-06-19

[9] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[Bruno-10] Bruno, Thomas J.; Svoronos, Paris D. N. (2003), Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, p. 549, ISBN 0-8493-1573-5, retrieved 2008-06-19

[Norman-11] Norman, Nicholas C. (1998), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Springer, pp. 168–70, ISBN 0-7514-0389-X, retrieved 2008-06-19

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