Bharati Braille

Bharati braille
⠘⠜⠗⠀⠞⠔⠀⠈⠃⠗⠑⠇
Bharati braille; ⠘⠜⠗⠀⠞⠔⠀⠈⠃⠗⠑⠇
	Sample of Tamil Braille
Script type	Alphabet
Languages	various
Related scripts
Parent systems	Night writing Braille English Braille Bharati braille; ; ;
Child systems	Bengali Braille; Devanagari Braille; Gujarati Braille; Kannada Braille; Malayalam Braille; Oriya Braille; Punjabi Braille; Sinhala Braille; Telugu Braille; Tamil Braille; Indian Urdu Braille;

Bharati braille (/ˈbɑːrəti/ BAR-ə-tee), or Bharatiya Braille (Hindi: भारती ब्रेल bhāratī brēl IPA: [bʱaːɾət̪iː bɾɛːl] "Indian braille"), is a largely unified braille script for writing the languages of India. When India gained independence, eleven braille scripts were in use, in different parts of the country and for different languages. By 1951, a single national standard had been settled on, Bharati braille, which has since been adopted by Sri Lanka,^[1] Nepal, and Bangladesh.^[2] There are slight differences in the orthographies for Nepali in India and Nepal, and for Tamil in India and Sri Lanka. There are significant differences in Bengali Braille between India and Bangladesh, with several letters differing. Pakistan has not adopted Bharati braille, so the Urdu Braille of Pakistan is an entirely different alphabet than the Urdu Braille of India, with their commonalities largely due to their common inheritance from English or International Braille. Sinhala Braille largely conforms to other Bharati, but differs significantly toward the end of the alphabet, and is covered in its own article.

This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Bharati braille alphabets use a 6-dot cell with values based largely on English Braille. Letters are assigned as consistently as possible across the various regional scripts of India as they are transliterated in the Latin script, so that, for example, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, and English are rendered largely the same in braille.

System

Although basically alphabetic, Bharati braille retains one aspect of Indian abugidas, in that the default vowel a is not written unless it occurs at the beginning of a syllable or before a vowel. This has been called a "linearized alphasyllabary abugida".^[3] For example, and taking Devanagari as a representative printed script, the braille letter ⠅ (the consonant K) renders print क ka, and braille ⠹ (TH) renders print थ tha. To indicate that a consonant occurs without a following vowel (as when followed by another consonant, or at the end of a syllable), a virama (vowel-canceling) prefix is used: ⠈⠅ (virama-K) is क k, and ⠈⠹ (virama-TH) is थ th. However, unlike in print, there are no vowel diacritics in Bharati braille; vowels are written as full letters following the consonant, regardless of their order in print. For example, in print the vowel i is prefixed to a consonant in a reduced diacritic form, कि ki, but in braille it follows the consonant in its full form: ⠅⠊ (K-I), equivalent to writing ⟨कइ⟩ for ki in print. Thus print क्लिक klika is written in braille as ⠈⠅⠇⠊⠅ (virama-K-L-I-K). The one time a non-initial short a is written in braille is when it is followed by another vowel. In this environment the a must be written, because otherwise the subsequent vowel will be read as following the consonant immediately. Thus print ⟨कइ⟩ kai is rendered in braille as ⠅⠁⠊ (K–A–I), to disambiguate it from ⠅⠊ for कि ki.

Apart from the kṣ and jñ, Bharati braille does not handle conjuncts. Consonant clusters written as conjuncts in print are handled with the virama in braille, just as they are with computer fonts that lack the conjuncts. Bharati braille is thus equivalent to Grade-1 English braille, though there are plans to extend all the Bharati alphabets to include conjuncts.

Alphabet

Following are the charts of the braille correspondences of the main Indian scripts.^[4] Irregularities, where a letter does not match the romanized heading, are placed in parentheses.

ISO	a	ā	i	ī	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	au
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਅ	ਆ	ਇ	ਈ	ਉ	ਊ		ਏ	ਐ	(ਖ਼ x)^[5]	ਓ	ਔ
Urdu		آ		ی		و		ے	ے	(خ‎ x)^[5]	و	و
Devanagari^[6]	अ	आ	इ	ई	उ	ऊ	ऎ	ए	ऐ	ऒ	ओ	औ
Devanagari^[6]		ा	ि	ी	ु	ू	ॆ	े	ै	ॊ	ो	ौ
Gujarati	અ	આ	ઇ	ઈ	ઉ	ઊ		એ	ઐ		ઓ	ઔ
Bengali	অ	আ	ই	ঈ	উ	ঊ	(য় y)^[7]	এ	ঐ		ও	ঔ
Oriya	ଅ	ଆ	ଇ	ଈ	ଉ	ଊ	(ୟ ẏ)^[7]	ଏ	ଐ		ଓ	ଔ
Telugu	అ	ఆ	ఇ	ఈ	ఉ	ఊ	ఎ	ఏ	ఐ	ఒ	ఓ	ఔ
Kannada	ಅ	ಆ	ಇ	ಈ	ಉ	ಊ	ಎ	ಏ	ಐ	ಒ	ಓ	ಔ
Malayalam	അ	ആ	ഇ	ഈ	ഉ	ഊ	എ	ഏ	ഐ	ഒ	ഓ	ഔ
Tamil	அ	ஆ	இ	ஈ	உ	ஊ	எ	ஏ	ஐ	ஒ	ஓ	ஔ

ISO	r̥	r̥̄	l̥	l̥̄
Braille
Devanagari	ऋ	ॠ	ऌ	ॡ
Devanagari	ृ	ॄ	ॢ	ॣ
Gujarati	ઋ	ૠ
Bengali	ঋ		ঌ
Oriya	ଋ	ୠ	ଌ	ୡ
Telugu	ఋ	ౠ	ఌ	ౡ
Kannada	ಋ	ೠ
Malayalam	ഋ	ൠ	ഌ	ൡ

ISO	k	kh	g	gh	ṅ
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਕ	ਖ	ਗ	ਘ	ਙ
Urdu	ک	کھ	گ	گھ
Devanagari	क	ख	ग	घ	ङ
Gujarati	ક	ખ	ગ	ઘ	ઙ
Bengali	ক	খ	গ	ঘ	ঙ
Oriya	କ	ଖ	ଗ	ଘ	ଙ
Telugu	క	ఖ	గ	ఘ	ఙ
Kannada	ಕ	ಖ	ಗ	ಘ	ಙ
Malayalam	ക	ഖ	ഗ	ഘ	ങ
Tamil	க				ங

ISO	c	ch	j	jh	ñ
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਚ	ਛ	ਜ	ਝ	ਞ
Urdu	چ	چھ	ج	جھ
Devanagari	च	छ	ज	झ	ञ
Gujarati	ચ	છ	જ	ઝ	ઞ
Bengali	চ	ছ	জ	ঝ	ঞ
Oriya	ଚ	ଛ	ଜ	ଝ	ଞ
Telugu	చ	ఛ	జ	ఝ	ఞ
Kannada	ಚ	ಛ	ಜ	ಝ	ಞ
Malayalam	ച	ഛ	ജ	ഝ	ഞ
Tamil	ச		ஜ		ஞ

ISO	ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	ḍh	ṇ
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਟ	ਠ	ਡ	ਢ	ਣ
Urdu	ٹ	ٹھ	ڈ	ڈھ
Devanagari	ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण
Gujarati	ટ	ઠ	ડ	ઢ	ણ
Bengali	ট	ঠ	ড	ঢ	ণ
Oriya	ଟ	ଠ	ଡ	ଢ	ଣ
Telugu	ట	ఠ	డ	ఢ	ణ
Kannada	ಟ	ಠ	ಡ	ಢ	ಣ
Malayalam	ട	ഠ	ഡ	ഢ	ണ
Tamil	ட				ண

ISO	t	th	d	dh	n
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਤ	ਥ	ਦ	ਧ	ਨ
Urdu	ت	تھ	د	دھ	ن
Devanagari	त	थ	द	ध	न
Gujarati	ત	થ	દ	ધ	ન
Bengali	ত	থ	দ	ধ	ন
Oriya	ତ	ଥ	ଦ	ଧ	ନ
Telugu	త	థ	ద	ధ	న
Kannada	ತ	ಥ	ದ	ಧ	ನ
Malayalam	ത	ഥ	ദ	ധ	ന
Tamil	த				ந

ISO	p	ph	b	bh	m
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਪ	ਫ	ਬ	ਭ	ਮ
Urdu	پ	پھ	ب	بھ	م
Devanagari	प	फ	ब	भ	म
Gujarati	પ	ફ	બ	ભ	મ
Bengali	প	ফ	ব	ভ	ম
Oriya	ପ	ଫ	ବ	ଭ	ମ
Telugu	ప	ఫ	బ	భ	మ
Kannada	ಪ	ಫ	ಬ	ಭ	ಮ
Malayalam	പ	ഫ	ബ	ഭ	മ
Tamil	ப				ம

ISO	y	r	l	ḷ	v
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਯ	ਰ	ਲ	ਲ਼	ਵ
Urdu	ی	ر	ل		و
Devanagari	य	र	ल	ळ	व
Gujarati	ય	ર	લ	ળ	વ
Bengali	য	র/ৰ^[8]	ল		ৱ^[8]
Oriya	ଯ	ର	ଳ	ଲ	ୱ/ଵ^[9]
Telugu	య	ర	ల	ళ	వ
Kannada	ಯ	ರ	ಲ	ಳ	ವ
Malayalam	യ	ര	ല	ള	വ
Tamil	ய	ர	ல	ள	வ

ISO	ś	ṣ	s	h
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਸ਼		ਸ	ਹ
Urdu	ش	ص	س	ہ
Devanagari	श	ष	स	ह
Gujarati	શ	ષ	સ	હ
Bengali	শ	ষ	স	হ
Oriya	ଶ	ଷ	ସ	ହ
Telugu	శ	ష	స	హ
Kannada	ಶ	ಷ	ಸ	ಹ
Malayalam	ശ	ഷ	സ	ഹ
Tamil	ஶ	ஷ	ஸ	ஹ

ISO	kṣ	jñ	ṛ/ṟ	ṛh	ḻ	ṉ	f	z
Braille
Gurmukhi			ੜ^[10]				ਫ਼	ਜ਼
Urdu	(ق‎ q)^[11]	(ح‎ ḥ)^[11]	ڑ	ڑھ	(ع‎ ʿ)^[11]		ف	ز
Devanagari	क्ष	ज्ञ	ड़	ढ़^[12]			फ़	ज़
Gujarati	ક્ષ	જ્ઞ
Bengali	ক্ষ	জ্ঞ	ড়	ঢ়
Oriya	କ୍ଷ	ଜ୍ଞ	ଡ଼	ଢ଼
Telugu	క్ష		ఱ
Kannada	ಕ್ಷ		ಱ		ೞ
Malayalam	ക്ഷ	ജ്ഞ	റ		ഴ	ഩ
Tamil	க்ஷ		ற		ழ	ன

Codas

Diacritics shown on the letter ka
ISO	Halant	Anusvara	Visarga	Candrabindu	Avagraha
Braille
Gurmukhi	ਕ੍	ਕਂ	ਕਃ	ਕਁ
Urdu		ں
Devanagari	क्	कं	कः	कँ	कऽ
Gujarati	ક્	કં	કઃ	કઁ	કઽ
Bengali	ক্	কং	কঃ	কঁ	কঽ
Oriya	କ୍	କଂ	କଃ	କଁ	କଽ
Telugu	క్	కం	కః	కఁ	కఽ
Kannada	ಕ್	ಕಂ	ಕಃ
Malayalam	ക്	കം	കഃ
Tamil	க்		ஃ

In Hindi (written in Devanagari), halanta is not used with the last letter when a word ends in a consonant.

Punctuation

Some of the punctuation marks (comma, close quote) duplicate letters. The caps mark is only used when transcribing English.

Punctuation	Comma / Apostrophe		;	। (danda)	॥ (double danda)	!	? / Open quote
Braille
Punctuation	Accent	Hyphen	Dash	Pointing	Asterisk	Italics	( )
Braille							...

The 'accent', ⠈, transcribes Urdu ّ shaddah (tashdeed), and the colon, ⠒, is also used for Urdu ة ta marbuta.^{[citation needed]}

In Bangladesh and Nepal, several additional punctuation marks are noted, but they do not agree with each other. It is not clear which are used in India. (See Bengali Braille and Nepali Braille.)

Pointing and Urdu

The pointing symbol, ⠐, is used for consonant letters that in print are derived by adding a dot to another consonant. For Urdu, the base letter in Devanagari is used: the pointing of the Arabic/Persian script is not reflected. For example, Gurmukhi ਗ਼ / Urdu غ / Devanagari ग़ ġa [ɣ], formed by adding a dot to g in Gurmukhi and Devanagari, is written ⠐⠛ point-G in all three. With Urdu, this is only done in India.

Other languages

Ethnologue 17 reports braille usage for Mizo, Garo, and Meitei. It is not clear if these are obsolete alphabets, or if they have been unified with Bharati Braille.

Digits

Digits follow international conventions and are marked by ⠼.

References

^ With a few inconsistencies in non-native sounds in Sinhala
^ "Braille Chapter VI" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
^ Richard Sproat, Language, Technology, and Society
^ UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, 3rd edition.
^ ^a ^b In Urdu and Gurmukhi, ⠭ is used for خ/ਖ਼ x, based on its value in unified international braille. For the equivalent letter in Devanagari, ख़, the pointing diacritic can be used.
^ Hindi, Nepali, Marathi
^ ^a ^b In Bengali and Oriya, ⠢ is a consonant y-sound. In the national scripts, the letters are derived from the original y, which had shifted to a j-sound. The Oriya letter, ୟ, is transcribed ẏ.
^ ^a ^b ৰ and ৱ are Assamese.
^ These have the same sound value in Oriya.
^ Unesco (2013) also has ⠐⠻ for Gurmukhi ੜ੍ਹ ṛh, but this is an apparent error; ੜ੍ਹ is a sequence ṛ-h, not a letter of the Gurmukhi script.
^ ^a ^b ^c In Urdu, ⠟ (kṣ) is used for ق q, the value it has in Unified Braille; ⠱ (jñ) is used for ح ḥ, and ⠷ (ḻ) for ع ʿ. For Devanagari क़ q, the pointing diacritic can be used.
^ According to Unesco (2013), this is the value in Indian Nepali, but in Nepalese Nepali it transcribes tr, and several of the other Sanskrit letters are not used. There is no indication of how r is written after other consonants.

[1] With a few inconsistencies in non-native sounds in Sinhala

[2] "Braille Chapter VI" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2012-08-30.

[3] Richard Sproat, Language, Technology, and Society

[Unesco-4] UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, 3rd edition.

[x-5] In Urdu and Gurmukhi, ⠭ is used for خ/ਖ਼ x, based on its value in unified international braille. For the equivalent letter in Devanagari, ख़, the pointing diacritic can be used.

[6] Hindi, Nepali, Marathi

[b-7] In Bengali and Oriya, ⠢ is a consonant y-sound. In the national scripts, the letters are derived from the original y, which had shifted to a j-sound. The Oriya letter, ୟ, is transcribed ẏ.

[a-8] ৰ and ৱ are Assamese.

[9] These have the same sound value in Oriya.

[10] Unesco (2013) also has ⠐⠻ for Gurmukhi ੜ੍ਹ ṛh, but this is an apparent error; ੜ੍ਹ is a sequence ṛ-h, not a letter of the Gurmukhi script.

[uu-11] In Urdu, ⠟ (kṣ) is used for ق q, the value it has in Unified Braille; ⠱ (jñ) is used for ح ḥ, and ⠷ (ḻ) for ع ʿ. For Devanagari क़ q, the pointing diacritic can be used.

[12] According to Unesco (2013), this is the value in Indian Nepali, but in Nepalese Nepali it transcribes tr, and several of the other Sanskrit letters are not used. There is no indication of how r is written after other consonants.

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