The Banjar or Banjarese (basa Banjar; jaku Banjar, Jawi: باس بنجر) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken by the Banjarese—an indigenous ethnic group native to Banjar regions— in the southeastern Kalimantan of Indonesia. The Banjarese language is the de facto lingua franca for various indigenous community especially in South Kalimantan, as well as Central Kalimantan (notably in Seruyan Regency and Sukamara Regency) and East Kalimantan in general.
| Banjarese | |
|---|---|
| basa Banjar jaku Banjar باس بنجر | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | |
| Ethnicity | Banjarese |
Native speakers | L1: 4,127,124 (2010 census)[1] L1 & L2: ~10,650,000 |
Austronesian
| |
Standard forms | Standard Banjarese |
| Dialects | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bjn |
| Glottolog | banj1241 |
| Linguasphere | 31-MFA-fd |
Apart from the native Banjarese in Indonesia, the Banjarese language also spoken by little Banjarese diaspora abroad (such as in Brunei, Malaysia (notably in Sabah and Perak), and Singapore); however, they tend to not use it as their primary language, and their fluency degree is questionable.
Dialects edit
There are at least three divisions of dialects within the Banjarese language:
According to Cense,[6] the Banjar Hulu dialect are predominantly spoken by Banjarese people in the South Hulu Sungai Regency and North Hulu Sungai Regency regions.
Phonology edit
Consonants edit
The consonantal inventory of Banjarese language is shown below. All but [ʔ] occur at the onset of a syllable:[7]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | (ʔ) |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
- The following consonants can close a CVC syllable: /p t k m n ŋ s h r l/. Words cannot begin with consonant clusters. Within a root, an NC sequence will always be homorganic, though reduplication and a few prefixes such as sing- can produce other sequences, e.g. /ŋb, ŋp, ŋt, ŋr, ŋl, kr, /. Other medial sequences include /kt/, /kn/, /ŋn/, /nɲ/, /st/, /sn/, /hk/, /hj/, /lk/ and /rɡ/.[2]
Vowels edit
Sudarmo finds five monophthongs:[7]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | (ə) | o |
| Open | a |
Durasid finds three monophthongs and three diphthongs in Pahuluan Banjarese:[2]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Open | a |
Regionally, /a/ has an allophone [ə] and /u/ has an allophone [ɔ]. The diphthongs are /ai/, /au/, /ui/. Loans with /e/ or /o/ are assimilated to these three vowels. E.g. kréték is realized as [karitik]. However, since most Banjarese speakers are effectively bilingual, this realization becomes rarer.
Alphabet edit
The standard alphabet is as follows:[8]
| Alphabet | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | c | d | é | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ny | ng | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | y |
| Phonetic value | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | tʃ | d | ɛ | ɡ | h | i | dʒ | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | j |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia (Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010) [Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of the Indonesian Population (Results of the 2010 Population Census)] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Central Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia, 2010
- ^ a b c d Bahasa Banjar Hulu [Pahuluan Banjar Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1978.
- ^ a b Kamus Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu-Indonesia [Pahuluan Banjarese Dictionary to Indonesian] (in Indonesian). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-685-776-0.
- ^ a b Struktur Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Language Structure of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1981.
- ^ a b Morfo Sintaksis Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Syntactic Morphology of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1986.
- ^ A.A.Cee - E.M. Uhienbeck, Critical Survey of Studies on the Language of Borneo, 'S-Gravenhage-Martinus Nijhoff. 1958, hal. 9.
- ^ a b Sudarmo, Sudarmo (2016). Fonotaktik Bahasa Banjar. Jurnal Bahasa Sastra Dan Pembelajarannya 6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hapip, Abdul Jebar (2006). Kamus Banjar Indonesia, Cetakan V.
Bibliography edit
- Bahasa Banjar Hulu [Pahuluan Banjar Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1978.
- Inventarisasi Kosakata Populer Bahasa Kutai dan Bahasa Banjar [Inventory of Popular Vocabulary of Kutai language and Banjarese language] (in Indonesian). Samarinda: East Kalimantan Provincial Linguistic Centre, Republic of Indonesia. 2007. ISBN 978-979-16282-5-9.
- Kamus Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu-Indonesia [Pahuluan Banjarese Dictionary to Indonesian] (in Indonesian). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-685-776-0.
- Morfo Sintaksis Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Syntactic Morphology of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1986.
- Nomina Bahasa Banjar [Nouns in Banjarese Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Research and Development Agency and Bookkeeping of the Republic of Indonesia. 1998. ISBN 979-459-833-X.
- Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Banjar [General Guidelines for Banjarese Spelling] (in Indonesian) (1 ed.). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Language Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2009.
- Refleksi Etimon Proto-Austronesia dalam Bahasa Banjar [Reflections of Proto-Austronesian Etimons in Banjarese Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1992. ISBN 979459315X.
- Struktur Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Language Structure of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1981.
External links edit
