Azykh Cave (Azerbaijani: Azıx mağarası), also referred to as Azokh Cave (Armenian: Ազոխի քարանձավ, romanized: Azoxi k’aranjav[1]), is a six-cave complex in Azerbaijan, known as a habitation site of prehistoric humans. It is situated near the village of Azykh in the Khojavend District. The cave is an important prehistoric site which has been occupied by different human groups for a long time.[2] The ancient layers of the Middle Paleolithic have yielded Neanderthal fossil remains that may date from around 300,000 years ago.[3]
 Entrance to the cave | |
  Location in Azerbaijan | |
| Alternative name | Azokh Cave |
|---|---|
| Location | Azykh, Khojavend District, Azerbaijan |
| Coordinates | 39°37′9.12″N 46°59′18″E / 39.6192000°N 46.98833°E |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1960s, mid 1990s, 2002–2009 |
| Archaeologists | Mammadali Huseynov, Tania King |
Discovery
editThe cave was discovered by the "Palaeolithic Archaeological Expedition" of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) under the leadership of Mammadali Huseynov in 1960 and is considered to be the site of one of the most ancient locations of proto-human presence in Eurasia. A Neanderthal-like jaw bone found in 1968 is assumed to be over 300,000 years old and thus one of the oldest proto-human remains found in Central Asia. Its discovery gave rise to the term Azykh Man. Archaeologists have suggested that the finds from the lowest layers are of a pre-Acheulean culture (730,000 to 1,800,000 years ago), that resembles the Olduwan culture named after Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge in many respects.[4]
The poor quality of the 1960s excavation, in which no taphonomic data was collected,[5] led to uncertainties over the chronological sequence of the layers.[6] Excavations resumed in the mid-1990s. In 2002 an international research team headed by Tania King discovered undisturbed entrances to the cave as well as fauna and stone tools.[7] Fossil assemblages recovered from the excavations between 2002 and 2009 found Pleistocene-era remains of bears accumulated as a result of hibernation, but no evidence for simultaneous occupation of the cave by bears and hominins. Other faunal remains, mainly herbivores, had been brought to the cave by hominins, but butchering had taken place somewhere else, not at the rear of the cave where the remains were found. When cave sediments reached close to the cave roof, the cave ceased to be used by hominins. During the Holocene, the upper sediments were eroded by water, opening up the cave to renewed human use.[8]
The cave is considered to have housed some of the earliest groups of proto-humans in Eurasia.[9] Using uranium isotopes as a speleothem dating method, the formation of the cave and thus the earliest hominid deposits have been dated to 1.19 ±0.08 million years ago.[10]
On 24 November 2020, archeological finds in the cave were brought to Baku by the representatives of the Azerbaijani State Security Service and placed in the Archaeological Fund of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of ANAS.[11]
See also
edit- Janapar, a hiking trail that passes by Azykh Cave
References
edit- ^ Stepʻan Tigrani, Melikʻ-Bakhshyan (1979). Hayotsʻ patmutʻyan aghbyuragitutʻyun (hnaguyn zhamanakneritsʻ minchʻev XVIII dari verjě). Yerevan: University of Michigan; Yerevan University Publishing House. p. 323.
- ^ Fernández-Jalvo, Yolanda; King, Tania; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Andrews, Peter (2016), "Introduction: Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor", Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24924-7_1, ISBN 978-3-319-24922-3, retrieved 2021-05-16
- ^ "Azykh Cave". Archived from the original on 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
- ^ "Azykh Cave". Archived from the original on 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
- ^ Taphonomy and Site Formation of Azokh 1, in Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor, 2016. [1]
- ^ V. Doronichev, "The Lower Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus: A Reappraisal of the Data and New Approaches" in PaleoAnthropology 2008, p147.
- ^ Exploration and Survey of Pleistocene Hominid Sites in Armenia and Karabagh Archived May 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Taphonomy and Site Formation of Azokh 1, in Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor, 2016. [2]
- ^ "Quaternary Deposits at the Lesser Caucasus, The Armenian Corridor". Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
- ^ Dating Methods Applied to Azokh Cave Sites, in Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor, 2016. [3]
- ^ "Azıx mağarasına aid arxeoloji tapıntıların Bakıya gətirildiyi bildirilib". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). 24 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
External links
edit
- About Azokh Cave Archived 2020-12-03 at the Wayback Machine