The attack on Hrubieszów was a joint action of the Polish post-Home Army (AK) organization Freedom and Independence (WiN) and the Ukrainian partisans of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which took place on the night of 27 May 1946. It was the most significant joint action carried out by both organizations, which had previously often fought each other, but they decided to co-operate in the face of the common threat from the Polish communists and the Soviet NKVD.[1]
| Attack on Hrubieszów | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Cursed soldiers Ukrainian Insurgent Army |
 Polish People's Republic NKVD | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Henryk Lewczuk Jan Niewiadomski | Unknown | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
|
Home Army Freedom and Independence (WiN) Ukrainian Insurgent Army |
Citizens' Militia (MO) Polish Police | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Around 400 (150 Poles, 300 Ukrainians) | Unknown | ||||||||
Background
editBetween 1943 and 1944, the Polish Home Army and the pro-Ukrainian independence Ukrainian Insurgent Army engaged each other in brutal fighting in the Lublin and Zamość region, while at the same time also fighting the Nazis[2] and sometimes the Soviet partisans. After the entry of the Red Army into the area during Operation Bagration, the Soviet NKVD began persecuting members of both organizations (even though the Home Army attempted to cooperate with the Red Army in Operation Tempest) and the local civilian population.[3][4][5] After the establishment in April 1944 of the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKNW) (a communist provisional government sponsored by the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin), the persecution intensified. As a result, faced with a common enemy which threatened to eliminate both anti-communist Poles and independence-minded Ukrainians, the two previous enemies took the first steps towards reconciliation.[6]
As early as September 1944, the UPA commander in Eastern Galicia, Vasyl Sydor (Szelest), issued an order ending general anti-Polish actions in the region; from then on UPA units were only allowed to attack those Poles who served with the Soviets (although it took several months for the orders to reach individual commanders in the field).[7] In 1945 the AK issued a manifesto calling for an end to fighting between Poles and Ukrainians and for cooperation, printed it in 7,500 copies and distributed it in the surrounding villages.[6] At the same time, the leadership of the UPA in the region made similar moves aimed at the same goal. After mediation by Catholic and Eastern Orthodox clergy, a meeting was arranged in Puszcza Solska (Solska Forest) between the commanders of both groups.[6] The top commander on the Polish side was Marian Gołębiewski (Ster) and on the Ukrainian side Jurij Lopatynsky (Szejk).[7]
The two sides agreed to stop fighting each other, to have areas of influence, to come each other's aid in case of being attacked by communist forces, to put an end to mutual attacks on civilian targets, to share intelligence reports and to co-ordinate actions against communist agents and common bandit groups that plagued the area.[2] According to some former soldiers of the unit, the agreement was partly from pressure on the partisans that came from the local civilian population, which was sick of the fighting between both groups.[7]
In September 1945, the agreement was extended to include the Podlaskie and Chełm regions.[7]
Planning
editIn April 1946, the first joint action was carried out: an attack on the rail station in Werbkowice.[7] In May 1946, a meeting took place in the village of Miętkie, between the Lublin region commanders of the two groups; the Poles were represented by Wacław Dąbrowski (Azja), the Ukrainians by Jewhen Sztendera (Pryrwa).[8] An attack upon the town of Hrubieszów was proposed by the WiN soldiers and accepted by the UPA. The purpose of the attack was to free political prisoners from the local prison, to destroy documents held by the communist security forces, to destroy the headquarters of the Committee for Resettlement (which was in charge of deporting Ukrainians to the Soviet Union), and to destroy the precincts of the Polish secret police and the MO.[1]
Attack
editThe attack on the town began at 11 pm[1] on the night of 27 May 1946. One of the main commanders on the Polish side was Henryk Lewczuk (Hammer), who later was a delegate to the Polish Sejm between 2001 and 2005.[9][10] Lewczuk led the best-armed Polish platoon in the attack, composed of 25 to 30 soldiers, all local volunteers (Lewczuk did not allow some of his soldiers from the Kresy region to participate in the attack, due to their deep-seated animosity to the UPA).[10]
According to their plans, the partisans took control of the bridges and roads leading into Hrubieszów and then proceeded to the center, where their strategic objectives were located.[1] There, as agreed, the UPA soldiers (around 300) assaulted the building of the Committee for Resettlement, while the Poles (around 150 soldiers) attacked the headquarters and prison of the communist secret police and the local office of the Polish Communist Party.[1] The Resettlement Committee building, however, was heavily fortified and staffed with experienced and well-armed NKVD troops, and the UPA attack stalled. The Poles were more successful; by using mine throwers, they took the secret police building, freed about twenty prisoners and captured secret documents.[1] After taking the party headquarters, they also executed two high-ranking communist officials.[11]
At dawn, the communist forces were supported by units of the Polish army that were stationed in the town. Quite likely, the regular army soldiers waited as long as they could before joining in the fighting, as WiN had infiltrated its ranks and had carried out an extensive anticommunist information campaign.[1][11]
Under attack by both the NKVD and regular army units, the UPA and the WiN soldiers began to withdraw. While fire fights and skirmishes occurred during the withdrawal between the partisans and the NKVD, the Polish soldiers mostly confined themselves to just following the partisans in their vehicles, without engaging them in direct fighting.[1]
One of the soldiers among the army units happened to be Wojciech Jaruzelski, the future communist leader of Poland, who declared martial law in 1981.[8][11] Jaruzelski's official website, in the "Diariusz" (Diary) section, states that from the fall of 1945 until 1946, Jaruzelski took part in "fighting bandits of the armed underground and Ukrainian nationalist" in order to "defend the Polishness of Hrubieszow Land".[11][12]
During the fighting, one of WiN's freed prisoners was accidentally killed by friendly fire, and the commander of UPA was wounded. The Ukrainians lost two more men during the withdrawal. The Polish communists and Soviets lost from nine to fifteen men.[1][11]
Aftermath
editIn the end, the action was partly successful.[10] Documents of the secret police were captured, though not those of the Resettlement Commission.[10]
However, by the end of 1946, contacts between the two groups tapered off.[1] The main initial reason was the negative attitude of the Polish underground's high command and of the Polish émigré government, the "Delegatura", towards close cooperation with the UPA. The high command issued an order to forbid any further contacts with the UPA, although local contacts continued until at least the end of 1946.[1] One small UPA unit, led by Jan Niewiadomski (Jurka), kept up contacts with the Polish underground until 1948.[7]
By the spring of 1947, however, most of the organized resistance, both Polish and Ukrainian, in the region had collapsed or significantly diminished. Most Ukrainian civilians had been deported and resettled to the Soviet Union or to other parts of Poland and so the UPA lost its base of support. Many Polish partisans came out of the underground during the Amnesty of 1947 and were subsequently arrested and persecuted, despite previous promises to the contrary[13] (the amnesty did not cover UPA soldiers[14]). Still, some "cursed soldiers" held out in the forests as late as 1956.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rąkowski, Grzegorz (2006). Polska egzotyczna: przewodnik, Part 2. Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz". p. 246. ISBN 9788389188564. (in Polish)
- ^ a b Rąkowski, Grzegorz (2006). Polska egzotyczna: przewodnik, Part 2. Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz". p. 240. ISBN 9788389188564. (in Polish)
- ^ Norman Davies, "Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory", Penguin Group, 2008, pg. 272 [1]
- ^ Norman Davies, "God's Playground, a History of Poland: 1795 to the present", Columbia University Press, 1982, pg. 472-473, [2]
- ^ Marek Jasiak in "Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948", Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak eds., Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, pg. 175-176, [3]
- ^ a b c Rąkowski, Grzegorz (2006). Polska egzotyczna: przewodnik, Part 2. Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz". p. 244. ISBN 9788389188564. (in Polish)
- ^ a b c d e f Biuletyn IPN, Nr 8, September 2001, pg. 32
- ^ a b Grzegorz Rąkowski, "Polska egzotyczna: przewodnik, Part 2", "Rewasz", 2006, pg. 246, [4]
- ^ Panstwowa Komisja Wyborcza (National Electoral Commission) Archived 6 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Jerzy Masłowski, "Rozbicie PUBP w Hrubieszowie 28.05.1946", Official Webpage of Jerzy Masłowski, [5][permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e Piotr Głuchowski, Marcin Kowalski, "Jaruzelski: długa lekcja nowomowy" (Jaruzelski: A long lesson in Newspeak), Gazeta Wyborcza, 2008-12-12, [6]
- ^ Diariusz, Oficjalna Strona Gen. Jaruzelskiego (Official Website of Gen. Jaruzelski),["http://www.wojciech-jaruzelski.pl/main.php?dzial=2&sub=3]
- ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, "Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947", McFarland, 1998, pg. 104, [7]
- ^ Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak, "Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948", Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, pg. 182, [8]