Kirkuk Governorate (Arabic: محافظة كركوك, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Karkūk;[3] Kurdish: پارێزگای کەرکووک, romanized: Parêzgeha Kerkûkê/Parêzgayi Kerkûk;[4][5] Turkish: Kerkük ili[6][7]) or Kirkuk Province is a governorate in northern Iraq. The governorate has an area of 9,679 square kilometres (3,737 sq mi). In 2017, the estimated population was 1,259,561 people.[8] The provincial capital is the city of Kirkuk. It is divided into four districts.
Kirkuk Governorate | |
|---|---|
 Flag | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 35°22′N 44°8′E / 35.367°N 44.133°E | |
| Country |  Iraq (Disputed territories of Northern Iraq)[1] |
| Capital | Kirkuk |
| Government | |
| • Type | Provincial government |
| Area | |
| • Total | 9,679 km2 (3,737 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| • Total | 1,597,876 |
| ISO 3166 code | IQ-KI |
| Official language(s) | Arabic, Kurdish, Syriac and Turkish |
| HDI (2018) | 0.708[2] high · 1st of 17 |
The province was named Kirkuk Governorate until 1976, when it was named At-Ta'mim Governorate, meaning "nationalization", referring to the national ownership of the regional oil and natural gas reserves. In 2006, the name "Kirkuk Governorate" was restored.[citation needed]
Governorate government
- Governor: Rakkan Saeed al-Jabbouri[9]
Districts
| District | Total population, 2018 |
|---|---|
| Kirkuk | 974,824 |
| Dibis | 50,241 |
| Daquq | 66,433 |
| Hawija | 120,679 |
Demographics
Kirkuk Governorate borders were altered in 1976; when 4 districts were added to the Sulaymaniya, Diyala and Saladin Governorates.[10] The Kirkuk Governorate received the Arab populated Zab District from the Mosul Governorate.[11]
With the Arabization policies of the Ba'ath party, the number of Arabs in official censuses increased fivefold within 40 years, however the most reliable data indicative of the ethnic breakdown of the governorate are those of the 1957 census.[12] The number of Kurds remained relatively constant from 1957 until 1977, decrease in their numbers coincides with the Arabization process in the 1990s.[13] The Turkmens were seriously affected by the Ba'ath changing Kirkuk borders their percentage fell from 21% to 7%.
Starting from 1977, 2,000 Christians (Assyrians) were registered as Arabs. From the end of the Gulf War to 1999, about 11,000 Kurdish families were deported from Kirkuk.[14] Since the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, 100,000 Kurds have returned to the city of Kirkuk.[15]
Statistics
Ethnic data from a League of Nations report from 1925 and British data from 1924, 1930 and 1931 (the province had different borders during these years):
| Ethnic data for Kirkuk Governorate (liwa) | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | 1924[16] | % | 1925[17] | % | 1930[18] | % | 1931[16] | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurdish | 79,646 | 54.4% | 47,500 | 42.5% | 67,703 | 49.5% | 77,608 | 56.7% |
| Turkmen/Turk | 28,395 | 19.3% | 26,100 | 23.4% | 28,741 | 21% | 28,741 | 21% |
| Arab | 35,649 | 24.4% | 35,650 | 31.9% | 26,561 | 19.4% | 26,561 | 19.4% |
| Jewish | 1,703 | 1.2% | - | 6,742 | 4.9% | 2,472 | 1.8% | |
| Christian | 1,000 | 0.7% | 2,400 | 2.1% | 1,228 | 0.9% | 1,228 | 0.9% |
| Other | - | - | 192 | 0.1% | ||||
| Total | 146,393 | 111,650 | 136,705 | 136,802 | ||||
| Census results for Kirkuk Governorate[12] | ||||||||
| Mother tongue | 1947 (Ethnicity) | Percentage | 1957 | Percentage | 1977 | Percentage | 1997 | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | 109,620 | 28% | 218,755 | 45% | 544,596 | 72% | ||
| Kurdish | 151,575[19] | 53% | 187,593 | 48% | 184,875 | 38% | 155,861 | 21% |
| Turkish | 83,371 | 21% | 80,347 | 17% | 50,099 | 7% | ||
| Syriac | 1,605 | 0.4% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| Hebrew | 4,042[20] | 1.05% | 123 | 0.003% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Other | 6,545 | 1.77% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| Total | 285,900[19] | 388,829 | 483,977 | 752,745 | ||||
A report by the International Crisis Group points out that figures from 1977 and 1997 censuses "are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation" because Iraqi citizens were only allowed to indicate belonging to either the Arab or Kurdish ethnic groups;[21] consequently, this skewed the number of other ethnic minorities, such as Iraq's third largest ethnic group – the Turkmen.[21]
2018 election results
The following is the results of the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election in the Kirkuk governorate. Election results are often used to estimate the demographics of the region. However, Iraqi citizens do not necessary vote for parties based on its ethnic affiliation.
| Party | Total vote[22] | Percentage | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patriotic Union of Kurdistan | 183,283 | 37.8% | 6 | |
| Arab Alliance of Kirkuk | 84,102 | 17.4% | 3 | |
| Turkman Front of Kirkuk | 79,694 | 16.4% | 3 | |
| Victory Coalition | 24,328 | 5% | 0 | |
| Conquest Alliance | 18,427 | 3.8% | 0 | |
| National Coalition | 14,979 | 3.1% | 0 | |
| Nishtiman coalition Movement for Change Coalition for Democracy and Justice Kurdistan Islamic Group |
14,118 | 2.9% | 0 | |
| New Generation Movement | 13,096 | 2.7% | 0 | |
| Chaldean Coalition Reserved Christian Seat |
4,864 | 1% | 1 | |
| Kurdistan Islamic Group | 4,631 | 1% | 0 | |
| Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council | 3,810 | 0.8% | 0 | |
| Others | 39,286 | 8.1% | 0 | |
| Total | 484,618 | 100% | 12(+1) | |
Archeological sites
Archeological sites in the governorate include Arrapḫa, Nuzi and Lubdu, which all date back several thousand years. Arrapha is located within the modern city of Kirkuk, Nuzi is identified with the site of Yorghan Tepe and the location of Lubdu isn't certain, but considered to be at Tall Buldagh.[23]
See also
References
- ^ Hanish, Shak (1 March 2010). "The Kirkuk Problem and Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution: The Kirkuk Problem". Digest of Middle East Studies: 15–25. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2010.00002.x. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- ^ "الرئيسية". kirkuk.gov.iq (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ "کۆبوونەوەی ئەنجوومەنی پارێزگای کەرکووک شکستی هێنا" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ "Hevpeymanîya Kurdistanî bi 96 namzedan dikeve hilbijartinan". Rûpela nû (in Kurdish). 17 October 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ "Bir Türkmen Şehri Kerkük". Dergipark. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Yawooz Hameed Mahmood,1Murat Kütük, Tawis Mohammed Kamel Ahmed. "Kerkük (Irak) İli̇ İçme Suyunun Ki̇myasal Parametreleri̇ Açisindan Değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇" (in Turkish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, Iraq
- ^ Kurdistan24. "Iraqi court issues arrest warrant for acting gov. of Kirkuk on 'corruption involvement'". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Mohammed, Ihsan (2017). Nation Building in Kurdistan. London: Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 9781315597393.
- ^ Mohammed, Ihsan (2017). Nation Building in Kurdistan. London: Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 9781315597393.
- ^ a b Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009), Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 43, ISBN 978-0-8122-4176-1
- ^ Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009), Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 44, ISBN 978-0-8122-4176-1
- ^ "An ancient tragedy". The Economist. 20 February 1999. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- ^ "The Militant - March 28, 2005 -- Iraqi Kurds make progress toward return to oil-rich Kirkuk". www.themilitant.com.
- ^ a b Fuat Dundar (2012). "British Use of Statistics in the Iraqi Kurdish Question (1919–1932)" (PDF): 44. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Fuat Dundar (2012). "British Use of Statistics in the Iraqi Kurdish Question (1919–1932)" (PDF): 30. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Fuat Dundar (2012). "British Use of Statistics in the Iraqi Kurdish Question (1919–1932)" (PDF): 38. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b C. J. Edmonds (1957). Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press. p. 438. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- ^ Abbas Shiblak (1986). The lure of Zion: the case of the Iraqi Jews. p. 21.
- ^ a b "Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 2008. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "IHEC results - Kirkuk" (PDF) (in Arabic). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ Bagg, Ariel M. (2015). "Reviewed Work: Siedlungsgeschichte im mittleren Osttigrisgebiet. Vom Neolithikum bis in die neuassyrische Zeit (= Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 28)". Archiv für Orientforschung. 53: 431. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
External links
- Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit Reports, Maps and Assessments of Iraq's Governorates from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit