Stokes's sea snake (Hydrophis stokesii) is a large species of sea snake in the family Elapidae. It is sometimes placed in its own genus Astrotia. The species is endemic to tropical Indo-Pacific oceanic waters.
| Stokes's sea snake | |
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| John Lort Stokes 1846 Discoveries in Australia | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | Hydrophis |
| Species: | H. stokesii
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| Binomial name | |
| Hydrophis stokesii (Gray, 1846)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
Etymology edit
Both the specific name, stokesii, and the common name, Stokes' seasnake, are in honor of Royal Navy Admiral John Lort Stokes.[3]
Description edit
Stokes's sea snake is one of the heaviest and stoutest seasnakes, with the longest fangs of any marine snake.[4] Its fangs are long enough to pierce a wetsuit.[5] Its mid-ventral scales are enlarged to form a distinct keel on its belly, the keel frequently broken up into two wart-like tubercles.[6] A. stokesii is highly variable in colour,[7] ranging from cream to brown to black, often with broad black dorsal cross bands, or black rings.[8]
Rostral as deep as broad; nasals shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the prefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long as or slightly longer than its distance from the rostral scale; one pre- and two postoculars, 9 or 10 upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth catering the eye, if not divided to form a series of suboculars; two or three superposed anterior temporals; no chin-shields. 39 to 47 scales round the neck, 48 to 53 round the middle of the body. Ventral scales usually distinct only quite anteriorly, further back in pairs and not larger than the adjoining scales; scales much imbricate, pointed.[8]
Total length 1.5 metres (5 ft).
Geographic range edit
It is distributed from India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to the South China Sea and Strait of Taiwan. It also lives in all waters of tropical Australia.
Human interactions edit
There are no reported human fatalities attributed to Stokes's sea snake.[4]
Stokes's sea snake is captured as bycatch in fisheries, for example in prawn fisheries in Australia.[1]
Habits edit
Stokes's sea snakes sometimes form migrating groups in the thousands, drifting in meter-long slicks in the Strait of Malacca.[4] They are ovoviviparous, producing small broods of five young each mating season.[9]
Taxonomy edit
It was first described and named as Hydrus stokesii by John Edward Gray in Appendix 3 to Volume 1 of John Lort Stokes' 1846 Discoveries in Australia. In 1972, McDowell resurrected the genus Disteira and merged Astrotia into it, although stokesii lacks the Oxyuranus pattern of venom gland muscle which typifies Disteira, and differs from others in that genus by number of body vertebrae and heart position. Cogger later refused to recognize the placement of stokesii into Disteira.[10]
References edit
- ^ a b Sanders, K.; White, M.-D.; Courtney, T.; Lukoschek, V. (2018). "Hydrophis stokesii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T176708A136257093. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176708A136257093.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ "Hydrophis stokesii ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Astrotia stokesii, p. 255).
- ^ a b c O'Shea, Mark (2008), Venomous Snakes of the World, New Holland Publishers, p. 144, ISBN 978-1-84773-086-2
- ^ Williamson, John A.; Fenner, Peter J.; Burnett, Joseph W.; Rifkin, Jacqueline F. (1996), Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook, UNSW Press, p. 403, ISBN 978-0-86840-279-6
- ^ Greene, Harry W.; Fogden, Patricia; Fogden, Michael (2000), Snakes, University of California Press, p. 236, ISBN 978-0-520-22487-2
- ^ Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1994), Sea Snake Toxinology, NUS Press, p. 177, ISBN 978-9971-69-193-6
- ^ a b Boulenger, G.A. (1890), The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia, London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (Distira stokesii, p. 408).
- ^ Tomascik, Tomas (1997), The ecology of the Indonesian seas, Tuttle Publishing, p. 1140, ISBN 978-962-593-163-0
- ^ Thorpe, Roger S.; Wüster, Wolfgang; Malhotra, Anita (1997), Venomous Snakes: Ecology, Evolution, and Snakebite, Oxford University Press, pp. 15–21, ISBN 978-0-19-854986-4
Further reading edit
- Boulenger, G.A. (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Distira stokesii, pp. 288–289).
- Cogger, H.G. (2000). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Sixth Edition. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Publishing. 808 pp.
- Dunson, William A.; Minton, Sherman A. (1978). "Diversity, distribution, and Ecology of Philippine Marine Snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes)". Journal of Herpetology 12 (3): 281-286.
- Günther, A.C.L.G. (1864). The Reptiles of British India. London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. (Hydrophis stokesii, p. 363).
- Rasmussen, A.R. (1997). "Systematics of sea snakes: a critical review". pp. 15–30. In: Thorpe, R.S.; Wüster, W.; Malhotra, A. (editors) (1997). Venomous Snakes: Ecology, Evolution and Snakebite. Oxford: Clarendon Press / Symp. Zool. Soc. London 70. 296 pp. ISBN 978-0198549864.
- Smith, M.A. (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. ("Astrotia stokesi [sic]", pp. 471–472).
- Wall, F. (1921). Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo, Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Colombo Museum. (H.R. Cottle, Government Printer). xxii + 581 pp. (Astrotia stokesii, pp. 396–400, Figure 75).