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Antonovka (Russian: Антоновка, Polish: Antonówka) is a group of late-fall or early-winter apple cultivars with a strong acid flavor that have been popular in Russia, including during Tsarist and Soviet times, as well as in Poland and Belarus.[2] The most popular Russian variety is the Common Antonovka (Антоновка обыкновенная), from which other cultivars are derived. Some varieties of Antonovka were bred by pioneer Russian naturalist and plant breeder Ivan V. Michurin at his experimental orchard in the Tambov Oblast and introduced in 1888.[3]
| Malus pumila 'Antonovka' | |
|---|---|
 Antonovka apples | |
| Species | Malus pumila |
| Hybrid parentage | Seems unknown[1] |
| Cultivar | 'Antonovka' |
| Origin |  Kursk Oblast, Russia |
Cultivar of Antonovka
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Antonovka is a cultivar of vernacular selection, which began to spread from the region of Kursk in Russia during the 19th century.[4] While the fruit-bearing trees have not received a wide degree of recognition outside the former Soviet Union, many nurseries do use Antonovka rootstocks, since they impart a degree of winter-hardiness to the grafted varieties.[citation needed]
Polish varieties
editPoland has two varieties: Antonówka Zwykła (same, as in Russia) and Antonówka Biała also known as Śmietankowa (Antonówka White or Creamy) with considerably larger and whiter fruit ripening in late September, but also a shorter shelf life.[5]
Aia Ilu
editHardiness
editThe popularity of the Antonovka tree is enhanced by its ability to sustain long harsh winters, typical in many regions of Eastern Europe and Russia. It is further popular for its superior fruit preservation qualities and longevity. These qualities made the Russian variety especially popular among the dacha owners, and it remains widely grown at dachas in many Post-Soviet states, where it is often called "the people's apple" (народное яблоко).[7] Extremely tolerant of cold weather, and because it produces a single, deep taproot (unusual among apple trees), Antonovka is propagated for use as a rootstock. An Antonovka rootstock provides a cold-hardy (to −45 °C), well-anchored, vigorous, standard-sized tree.
Uses
editDue to the relatively low ratio of sugars in the fruit, Antonovka apples are especially well-suited for apple pies and late apple wine. The taste of the wine is noticeably lighter than wine from sweeter cultivars. In Poland, Antonówka is used mostly for apple preserves.
In popular culture
editIvan Bunin's early short story, "Antonov Apples" (1900), is a kind of ode to this apple cultivar as a metaphor for the departing world of the Russian landed gentry.
On August 19, 2008 a monument to the Antonovka apple was unveiled in Kursk. The sculpture was by Vyacheslav Klykov, and it has a diameter of 1.5 meters.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Patriotic apples". newtimes.ru. September 26, 2011. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011.
- ^ "Antonovka - The People's Apple". Apples and People. February 10, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
- ^ Goncharov, N. P. (2016), "Ivan V. Michurin: On the 160th Anniversary of the Birth of the Russian Burbank", Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research, 6 (1): 105–127, doi:10.1134/S2079059716010068, S2CID 10884376
- ^ Elena Kalashnikova; Natalia Frolova (September 26, 2011). Патриотические яблоки (in Russian). newtimes.ru. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
- ^ "Szkolkarstwo.pl – portal dla Profesjonalistów produkcji szkółkarskiej i kwiaciarskiej". Szkółkarstwo (in Polish). Retrieved October 20, 2022.
- ^ "List of Apple Cultivars". botanycourse.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ Dacha Tales by Larisa Zalesova - Ebook | Everand.
- ^ Lilia Haritonova (August 27, 2008). Куряне трогают яблоко удачи (in Russian). Newspaper «Курский вестник». Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
External links
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- "Antonovka", National Fruit Collection, University of Reading and Brogdale Collections, retrieved October 18, 2015
- Beach, S.A.; Booth, N.O.; Taylor, O.M. (1905), "Antonovka", The apples of New York, vol. 2, Albany: J. B. Lyon, p. 6