The Catechetical School of Antioch was one of the two major Christian centers of the study of biblical exegesis and theology during Late Antiquity; the other was the School of Alexandria. This group was known by this name because the advocates of this tradition were based in the city of Antioch in Syria, one of the major cities of the ancient Roman Empire. Although there were early interpreters from Antioch, like Theophilus of Antioch, the proper school of exegesis at Antioch belongs to the period of the late fourth and the fifth centuries.[1]
While the Christian intellectuals of Alexandria emphasized the allegorical interpretation of Scriptures and tended toward a Christology that emphasized the union of the human and the divine, those in Antioch held to a more literal and occasionally typological exegesis and a Christology that emphasized the distinction between the human and the divine in the person of Jesus Christ.[2] They rejected notions of instantaneous creation held by other figures such as Augustine, and instead literally held to the notion of the progressive creation of the Genesis creation narrative: those things created on the sixth day did not exist in the fifth, that made on the fifth day did not exist in the fourth, and so on. Advocates included Acacius of Caesarea, Severian of Gabala, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret, and others.[3]
Nestorius, before becoming Patriarch of Constantinople, had also been a monk at Antioch and had there become imbued with the principles of the Antiochene theological school.[4]
Periods
edit
The school of Antioch is best divided into three periods:
The early school (170–early fourth century)
editThe earliest author known of this period is Theophilus of Antioch. Then there is a gap of a century and in the first half of the fourth century there are three known antiochene authors: the best known is Eusebius of Emesa; other representatives are Acacius of Caesarea and Theodore bishop of Heraklea.
The middle school (350–433)
editThis period includes at least three different generations: Diodorus of Tarsus, who directed an ἀσκητήριον (school) he may have founded. Among his disciples, the best known are John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia. The main figure of the third generation was Nestorius.
The late school (after 433)
editAfter the Council of Ephesus (431), the School of Antioch lost some of its prestige.[2] However, after the Council of Chalcedon (451), the Antiochian school became the sole theological school within Eastern and Western Christianity, where the Oriental Orthodox adopted the Alexandrian School of Theology.[citation needed] Apparently only two later authors are known: Basil of Seleucia and Gennadius of Constantinople.[citation needed]
See also
edit- School of Edessa
- School of Nisibis
- School of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
- Early Christianity
- Nestorianism
- Catechetical School of Alexandria – A school that was seen in opposition to it in early Christological debates
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Brown 2019, p. 35.
- ^ a b Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). "Antiochene theology". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
- ^ Brown 2019, p. 36–41.
- ^ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). "Nestorius". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. pp. 1145–1146. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
Sources
edit- Anastos, Milton V. (1951). "The Immutability of Christ and Justinian's Condemnation of Theodore of Mopsuestia". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 6: 123–160. doi:10.2307/1291085. JSTOR 1291085.
- Anastos, Milton V. (1962). "Nestorius Was Orthodox". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 16: 117–140. doi:10.2307/1291160. JSTOR 1291160.
- Bethune-Baker, James F. (1908). Nestorius and His Teaching: A Fresh Examination of the Evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-43298-7.
- Baur, Chrysostom (1912). "Theodore of Mopsuestia". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2005). "The Theological Schools of Antioch, Edessa and Nisibis". Christianity: A History in the Middle East. Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches. pp. 143–160. ISBN 978-9953-0-0343-6.
- Brown, Andrew J. (2019). The Days of Creation: A History of Christian Interpretation of Genesis 1:1–2:3–4. Brill.
- Chesnut, Roberta C. (1978). "The Two Prosopa in Nestorius' Bazaar of Heracleides". The Journal of Theological Studies. 29 (2): 392–409. doi:10.1093/jts/XXIX.2.392. JSTOR 23958267.
- Daley, Brian E. (2009). "The Persons in God and the Person of Christ in Patristic Theology: An Argument for Parallel Development". God in Early Christian Thought. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 323–350. ISBN 978-90-04-17412-2.
- Grillmeier, Aloys (1975) [1965]. Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451) (2nd revised ed.). Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22301-4.
- McLeod, Frederick (2009). Theodore of Mopsuestia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-07928-5.
- Loon, Hans van (2009). The Dyophysite Christology of Cyril of Alexandria. Leiden-Boston: Basil BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17322-4.
- McKenzie, John L. (1958). "Annotations on the Christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia" (PDF). Theological Studies. 19 (3): 345–373. doi:10.1177/004056395801900302. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
- Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-056-3.
- Norris, Richard A., ed. (1980). The Christological Controversy. Minneapolis: Fortess Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-1411-9.
- Pásztori-Kupán, István (2006). Theodoret of Cyrus. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-39176-9.
- Perhai, Richard J. (2015). Antiochene Theoria in the Writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Theodoret of Cyrus. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-8800-5.
- Riches, Aaron (2009). Ecce Homo: On the Divine Unity of Christ. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-7231-9.