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Ali Fethi Okyar (29 April 1880 – 7 May 1943) was a Turkish diplomat and politician, who also served as a military officer and diplomat during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire. He was also the second Prime Minister of Turkey (1924–1925) and the second Speaker of the Turkish Parliament after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Fethi Okyar | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 2nd Prime Minister of Turkey | |
| In office 22 November 1924 – 3 March 1925 | |
| President | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| Preceded by | İsmet İnönü |
| Succeeded by | İsmet İnönü |
| 4th Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly | |
| In office 14 August 1923 – 27 October 1923 | |
| Preceded by | Rauf Orbay |
| Succeeded by | İsmet İnönü (As Prime Minister of Turkey) |
| 3rd Speaker of the Grand National Assembly | |
| In office 1 November 1923 – 22 November 1924 | |
| President | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| Prime Minister | İsmet İnönü |
| Preceded by | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| Succeeded by | Kâzım Özalp |
| Member of the Grand National Assembly | |
| In office 8 February 1935 – 7 May 1943 | |
| Constituency | Bolu (1935, 1939, 1943) |
| In office 28 June 1923 – 25 April 1931 | |
| Constituency | Istanbul (1923) Gümüşhane (1927) |
| Minister of Justice | |
| In office 26 May 1939 – 12 March 1941 | |
| President | İsmet İnönü |
| Prime Minister | Refik Saydam |
| Preceded by | Tevfik Fikret Sılay |
| Succeeded by | Hasan Menemencioğlu |
| Minister of National Defense | |
| In office 22 November 1924 – 3 March 1925 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Kâzım Fikri |
| Succeeded by | Mehmet Recep |
| Minister of the Interior of the Government of the Grand National Assembly | |
| In office 5 November 1922 – 27 October 1923 | |
| Preceded by | İsmail Safa Özler |
| Succeeded by | Ahmet Ferit Tek |
| In office 10 October 1921 – 9 July 1922 | |
| Preceded by | Refet Bele |
| Succeeded by | İsmail Safa |
| Minister of the Interior (Ottoman Empire) | |
| In office 14 October 1918 – 8 November 1918 | |
| First Minister | Ahmet İzzet |
| Preceded by | Mehmet Talaat (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Mustafa Arif |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ali Fethi 29 April 1880 Prilep, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (modern North Macedonia) |
| Died | 7 May 1943 (aged 63) Istanbul, Turkey |
| Political party | Republican People's Party (1930–1943) Liberal Republican Party (1930) Republican People's Party (1923–1930) Ottoman Liberal People's Party (1918–1919) Union and Progress Party (1913–1918) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Ottoman Empire |
| Branch/service | Ottoman Army |
| Years of service | 1898–1923 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Battles/wars | Italo-Turkish War Balkan Wars |
Biography
editHe was born in the Ottoman town of Prilep in Manastir Vilayet (present-day North Macedonia) to an Albanian family.[1][2][3] Some sources also claim that he was of Circassian descent.[4] He attended the Monastir Military High School, where he was a friend of Mustafa Kemal, helping him with French and introducing him to French political thought.[5]
In 1913, he joined the Committee of Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti) and was elected as the secretary general. In 1924, he was appointed prime minister as the successor of İsmet İnönü. But only a few months later in March 1925 he was replaced again by İnönü as a more decisive policy was needed to suppress the Sheikh Said rebellion.[6] Following he was appointed the Turkish ambassador to France in Paris.[6] In 1930, he received the permission to establish the Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası (Liberal Republican Party), an early party of opposition.[7] However, when the government noticed the support of this opposition party among Islamists, it was declared illegal and closed down, a situation similar to that of the Progressive Republican Party, which had lasted for a few months in 1924. He later served as Justice Minister from 1939 to 1941.
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Atatürk and Okyar, August 1930 -
Okyar in his early days -
Okyar in the 1930s
References
edit- ^ Stevenson, Charles (2014). A Box of Sand. The Italo-Ottoman War 1911-1912. p. 110. ISBN 9780957689275.
- ^ Karpat, Kemal (2001). The politicization of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, and community in the late Ottoman state. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190285760.
- ^ Gingeras, Ryan (2019). Eternal Dawn: Turkey in the Age of Atatürk. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-19-879121-8.
- ^ Arslanbenzer, Hakan. "Fethi Okyar: Commissioned liberal, faithful Kemalist". dailysabah. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Avci, Müşerref. "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Knowledge of Foreign Language and the Works He Brought into Turkish". Kırıkkale University.
- ^ a b Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–236. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ^ Weiker, Walter F. (1991). Heper, Metin; Landau, Jacob M. (eds.). Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey. I.B. Tauris. p. 84. ISBN 1-85043300-3.
Bibliography
edit- Balkaya, İhsan Sabri (2005). Ali Fethi Okyar (29 Nisan 1880-7 Mayıs 1943) (in Turkish) (I. ed.). Ankara: Turkish History Association. ISBN 9751617162.
- Çay, Abdulhaluk Mehmet (2009). Başlangıçtan Bugüne Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümetleri (PDF) (in Turkish). Künüçen, Hale. Ankara: Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Culture Portal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- Güneş, İhsan (August 2012). Özmel Akın, Nur; Güven, Pınar (eds.). Meşrutiyet'ten Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye'de Hükümetler: Programları ve Meclisteki Yankıları (1908-1923) (in Turkish) (I. ed.). Istanbul: Turkey İş Bank Cultural Publications. ISBN 9786053606512.
