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Edward Albee

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Edward Franklin Albee III (/ˈɔːlbiː/ AWL-bee; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright known for works such as The Zoo Story (1958), The Sandbox (1959), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), A Delicate Balance (1966), and Three Tall Women (1994). Some critics have argued that some of his work constitutes an American variant of what Martin Esslin identified as and named the Theater of the Absurd.[1] Three of his plays won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and two of his other works won the Tony Award for Best Play.

Edward Albee
Albee in 1975
Albee in 1975
BornEdward Franklin Albee III
(1928-03-12)March 12, 1928
Washington, D.C., U.S.
DiedSeptember 16, 2016(2016-09-16) (aged 88)
Montauk, New York, U.S.
EducationTrinity College
Period1958–2016
Notable works
Notable awards
Partner
Jonathan Thomas
(esp. 1971; died 2005)

His works are often considered frank examinations of the modern condition. His early works reflect a mastery and Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd that found its peak in works by European playwrights such as Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, and Jean Genet.

His middle period comprised plays that explored the psychology of maturing, marriage and sexual relationships. Younger American playwrights, such as Paula Vogel, credit Albee's mix of theatricality and biting dialogue with helping to reinvent postwar American theatre in the early 1960s. Later in life, Albee continued to experiment in works such as The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002).

Early life

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Edward Albee was born in 1928. His biological father left his mother, Louise Harvey, and he was placed for adoption two weeks later and taken to Larchmont, New York, where he grew up.[2] Albee's adoptive father, Reed A. Albee, the wealthy son of vaudeville magnate Edward Franklin Albee II, owned several theaters. His adoptive mother, Reed's second wife, Frances (Cotter), was a socialite.[3][4] He later based the main character of his 1991 play Three Tall Women on his mother, with whom he had a conflicted relationship.[5]

Albee attended the Rye Country Day School, then the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey, from which he was expelled.[3] He then was sent to Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania, where he was dismissed in less than a year.[6] He enrolled at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut,[7] graduating in 1946. He had attracted theatre attention by having scripted and published nine poems, eleven short stories, essays, a long act play, Schism, and a 500-page novel, The Flesh of Unbelievers (Horn, 1) in 1946. His formal education continued at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, where he was expelled in 1947 for skipping classes and refusing to attend compulsory chapel.[7]

Albee left home for good in his late teens. In a later interview, he said: "I never felt comfortable with the adoptive parents. I don't think they knew how to be parents. I probably didn't know how to be a son, either."[8] In a 1994 interview, he said he left home at 18 because "[he] had to get out of that stultifying, suffocating environment."[5] In 2008, he told interviewer Charlie Rose that he was "thrown out" because his parents wanted him to become a "corporate thug" and did not approve of his aspirations to be a writer.[9]

Career

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Edward Albee, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1961

1959–1966: The Early Plays

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Albee moved into New York's Greenwich Village,[6] where he supported himself with odd jobs while learning to write plays.[10] Primarily in his early plays, Albee's work had various representations of the LGBTQIA community often challenging the image of a heterosexual marriage.[11] Despite challenging society's views about the gay community, he did not view himself as an LGBT advocate.[11] Albee's work typically criticized the American Dream.[11] His first play, The Zoo Story, written in three weeks,[12] was first staged in Berlin in 1959 before premiering Off-Broadway in 1960.[13] His next, The Death of Bessie Smith, similarly premiered in Berlin before arriving in New York.[14]

Albee's most iconic play, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, opened on Broadway at the Billy Rose Theatre on October 13, 1962, and closed on May 16, 1964, after five previews and 664 performances. The opening night cast featured Uta Hagen. Arthur Hill, George Grizzard and Melinda Dillon.[15] The play won the Tony Award for Best Play in 1963 and was selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize by the award's drama jury, but the selection was overruled by the advisory committee, which elected not to give a drama award at all.[16] The two members of the jury, John Mason Brown and John Gassner, subsequently resigned in protest.[17] An Academy Award-winning film adaptation by Ernest Lehman was released in 1966 starring Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, George Segal, and Sandy Dennis, and was directed by Mike Nichols.[18] In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[19]

1971–1987: The Middle Plays

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Edward Albee by Irish artist Reginald Gray (The New York Times, 1966), inspired by a photograph taken in 1962 from Bettmann/Corbis.

In 1971 he wrote All Over, a two-act play originally titled, Death, the second half of a projected double bill with another play called Life (which later became Seascape).[20] The play premiered on Broadway at the Martin Beck Theatre with John Gielgud directing and starred Jessica Tandy, Madeleine Sherwood, and Colleen Dewhurst. The New York Times writer Clive Barnes wrote, "It is a lovely, poignant and deeply felt play. In no way at all is it an easy play -- this formal minuet of death, this symphony ironically celebrating death's dominion. It is not easy in its structure, a series of almost operatic arias demanding, in their precision, pin-point concentration from the audience, and it is certainly not easy in its subject matter."[21]

In 1974 he wrote Seascape, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It debuted on Broadway with Deborah Kerr and Frank Langella.[22] It was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play losing to Peter Shaffer's Equus.[23] Clive Barnes of The New York Times declared the play "a major event", adding, "As Mr. Albee has matured as a playwright, his work has become leaner, sparer and simpler. He depends on strong theatrical strokes to attract the attention of the audience, but the tone of the writing is always thoughtful, even careful, even philosophic." He compared his work alongside Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter.[24]

Albee continued to write plays including Listening (1976), Counting the Ways (1976) before a brief break before The Lady from Dubuque (1980) which had a short run on Broadway.[25] He wrote the three act play The Man Who Had Three Arms (1983) which was received negatively with Frank Rich of The New York Times writing, "isn't a play - it's a temper tantrum in two acts... One of the more shocking lapses of Mr. Albee's writing is that he makes almost no attempt even to pretend that Himself is anything other than a maudlin stand-in for himself, with the disappearing arm representing an atrophied talent."[26]

Albee's plays during the 1980s received mixed reviews with Michael Billington of The Guardian writing, "American dramatists invariably end up as victims of their own myth: in a success-crazed culture they are never forgiven for failing to live up to their own early masterpieces. But if Edward Albee has suffered the same cruel fate as Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams, he has kept on trucking".[27] Billington wrote of Albee's 1987 play, Marriage Play, "At the end the play achieves a metaphorical resonance by suggesting that marriage is an accumulation of meaningless habits and that "nothing has made any difference".[27]

1991–2016: The Later Plays

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In 1991 he wrote the play Three Tall Women, a two act play that premiered at the Vienna's English Theatre about three unnamed women. The play was revived in 2018 directed by Joe Mantello starring Glenda Jackson, Laurie Metcalf, and Allison Pill.[28] The 2018 production received the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play. Allison Adato of Entertainment Weekly wrote of the play, "Edward Albee's Three Tall Women, in which a nonagenarian revisits events of her life refracted through both her own dementia and the differing recollections of her younger selves, is a not-quite-memory play filled with regret, resentment, entitlement, various bodily indignities".[29]

Georgia State University English professor Matthew Roudane divides Albee's plays into three periods: the Early Plays (1959–1966), characterized by gladiatorial confrontations, bloodied action and fight to the metaphorical death; the Middle Plays (1971–1987), when Albee lost the favor of Broadway audience and started premiering in the U.S. regional theaters and in Europe; and the Later Plays (1991–2016), received as a remarkable comeback and watched by appreciative audiences and critics the world over.[30]

According to The New York Times, Albee was "widely considered to be the foremost American playwright of his generation."[31] The less-than-diligent student later dedicated much of his time to promoting American university theatre. He served as a Distinguished Professor of Playwriting and held the Lyndall Finley Wortham Chair in the Performing Arts at the University of Houston. His plays are published by Dramatists Play Service[32] and Samuel French, Inc.

Philanthropy

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Albee established the Edward F. Albee Foundation, Inc. in 1967, from royalties from his play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. The foundation funds the William Flanagan Memorial Creative Persons Center (named after the composer William Flanagan, but better known as "The Barn") in Montauk, New York, as a residence for writers and visual artists.[33] The foundation's mission is "to serve writers and visual artists from all walks of life, by providing time and space in which to work without disturbance."[34]

Personal life and death

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Albee was gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half.[35][36]

As a teen in Larchmont, Albee became a close friend of English-born Muir Weissinger Jr. and his family. Albee, along with others, referred to Florence, Muir's mother, as "Mummy." For her part, Albee's mother felt he spent too much time at the Weissinger household. Albee dated Muir's sister, Delphine, and escorted her to her coming-out party. Albee and Delphine had a "long and intense relationship" while it lasted; Albee has said they were "unofficially engaged." Albee kept in touch for a long time with Florence and Muir Weissinger.[37]

Albee insisted that he did not want to be known as a "gay writer", saying in his acceptance speech for the 2011 Lambda Literary Foundation's Pioneer Award for Lifetime Achievement: "A writer who happens to be gay or lesbian must be able to transcend self. I am not a gay writer. I am a writer who happens to be gay."[38] His longtime partner, Jonathan Richard Thomas, a sculptor, died on May 2, 2005, from bladder cancer. They had been partners from 1971 until Thomas's death. Albee also had a relationship of several years with playwright Terrence McNally during the 1950s.[39]

Albee died at his home in Montauk, New York on September 16, 2016, aged 88.[39][40][41]

Albee lived in a 6,000-square-foot loft that was a former cheese warehouse in New York's Tribeca neighborhood. At the time of his death Albee held an expansive collection of fine art, utilitarian works and sculptures. Albee was especially interested in artworks created by indigenous cultures in Africa and Oceania.[42]

Works

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Plays

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Works written or adapted by Albee:[43]

Adaptations

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Opera libretti

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  • Bartleby (adapted from the short story by Herman Melville) (1961)
  • The Ice Age (1963, uncompleted)

Essays

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  • Stretching My Mind: Essays 1960–2005 (Avalon Publishing, 2005). ISBN 9780786716210.

Accolades and accomplishments

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Albee in 1997

A member of the Dramatists Guild Council, Albee received three Pulitzer Prizes for drama—for A Delicate Balance (1967), Seascape (1975), and Three Tall Women (1994). Albee was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1972.[44] In 1985, Albee was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.[45] In 1999, Albee received the PEN/Laura Pels Theater Award as a Master American Dramatist.[46] He received a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement (2005);[40] the gold medal in Drama from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters (1980); as well as the Kennedy Center Honors and the National Medal of Arts (both in 1996).[47] In 2009, Albee received honorary degree from the Bulgarian National Academy of Theater and Film Arts (NATFA), a member of the Global Alliance of Theater Schools.[citation needed] In 2008, in celebration of Albee's 80th birthday, a number of his plays were mounted in distinguished Off-Broadway venues, including the historic Cherry Lane Theatre where the playwright directed two of his early one-acts, The American Dream and The Sandbox.[48]

Pulitzer Prize
Year Category Project Result Ref.
1967 Pulitzer Prize for Drama A Delicate Balance Won [49]
1975 Seascape Won [49]
1994 Three Tall Women Won [49]
2001 The Play About the Baby Nominated [50]
2003 The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? Nominated [51]
Tony Awards
1963 Best Play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Won [52]
1964 The Ballad of the Sad Cafe Nominated [53]
1965 Best Author Tiny Alice Nominated [54]
1965 Best Play Nominated
1967 A Delicate Balance Nominated [55]
1975 Seascape Nominated [23]
2002 The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? Won [56]
2005 Lifetime Achievement Received [57]
Drama Desk Award
1960 Vernon Rice Award The Zoo Story Won [58]
1975 Outstanding New Play Seascape Nominated
1976 Outstanding Director of a Play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Nominated
1994 Outstanding Play Three Tall Women Nominated
2002 Outstanding New Play The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? Won
2008 Special Award Received
Grammy Award
1963 Best Spoken Word Album Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Won [59]
Best Album Notes Nominated

Honorary awards

References

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"Edward Albee". Charlie Rose, May 27, 2008.

  1. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of The Arts. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 10. ISBN 978-0198691372.
  2. ^ "Edward Albee | American author | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. September 13, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Weber, Bruce (September 17, 2016). "Edward Albee, Trenchant Playwright for a Desperate Era, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
  4. ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (September 17, 2016). "Edward Albee, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? playwright, dies aged 88". The Guardian. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Markowitz, Dan (August 28, 1994). "Albee Mines His Larchmont Childhood". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Simonson, Robert (September 16, 2016). "Edward Albee, Towering American Playwright, Dies at 88". Playbill. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  7. ^ a b Boehm, Mike (September 16, 2016). "Edward Albee, three-time Pulitzer-winning playwright and 'Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?' author, dies at 88". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  8. ^ "Edward Albee Interview". Academy of Achievement. June 2, 2005. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  9. ^ Edward Albee on Charlie Rose, May 27, 2008.
  10. ^ Kennedy, Mark (September 16, 2016). "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? playwright Edward Albee dead at 88". Associated Press. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  11. ^ a b c Griffin, Gabriele (2002). Who's Who IN LESBIAN & GAY WRITING. London: Routledge. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0-415-15984-9.
  12. ^ Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 8: Edward Albee." Archived July 16, 2012, at archive.today, Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. Retrieved June 28, 2007
  13. ^ "Plays Produced in the Provincetown Playhouse in 1960s Chronological". Provincetown Playhouse. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
  14. ^ Albee, Edward."The Death of Bessie Smith"The American Dream; The Death of Bessie Smith; Fam and Yam: Three Plays. Dramatists Play Service, Inc., 1962, ISBN 0-8222-0030-9, pp.46-48
  15. ^ "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Playbill Vault. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  16. ^ "US playwright Edward Albee dies aged 88". BBC News. September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  17. ^ Kihss, Peter (May 2, 1967). "Albee Wins Pulitzer Prize; Malamud Novel is Chosen". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  18. ^ "Biography | Edward Albee Society". Edwardalbeesociety.org. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  19. ^ "Library of Congress announces 2013 National Film Registry selections". The Washington Post (Press release). December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  20. ^ [1] Gussow, Mel. Edward Albee: A Singular Journey, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999, p. 282. ISBN 0-684-80278-3
  21. ^ Barnes, Clive. "Stage: 'All Over,' Albee's Drama of Death, Arrives" The New York Times, March 29, 1971
  22. ^ "Seascape (Broadway, 1975)". Playbill. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  23. ^ a b "1975 Tony Awards Nominees". American Theatre Wing. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  24. ^ Barnes, Clive (January 27, 1975). "Albee's 'Seascape' Is a Major Event". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  25. ^ "Edward Albee (Director)". Playbill. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  26. ^ Rich, Frank. "Stage: Drama by Albee, 'Man Who Had 3 Arms'" The New York Times, April 6, 1983, ISSN 0362-4331, p. C15
  27. ^ a b Billington, Michael (May 9, 2001). "Edward Albee's mismatched partners". The Guardian. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  28. ^ "Three Tall Women (Broadway, 2018)". Playbill. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  29. ^ "After 30 years, Glenda Jackson is back on Broadway in Three Tall Women: EW review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  30. ^ Roudané, Matthew (August 2017). "Overview: The Theater of Edward Albee". Edward Albee: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–16. ISBN 9781139034845. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  31. ^ "Edward Albee, Trenchant Playwright Who Laid Bare Modern Life, Dies at 88". The New York Times. September 17, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  32. ^ "Dramatists Play Service". Dramatists.com. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  33. ^ Grundberg, Andy (July 3, 1988). "The Artists of Summer". The New York Times.
  34. ^ "Mission & History". The Edward F. Albee Foundation. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  35. ^ Shulman, Randy (March 10, 2011). "Who's Afraid of Edward Albee?". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^ Byrne, Chris (2006). "Edward Albee". In Gerstner, David A. (ed.). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 9780415306515. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  37. ^ Gussow, Mel. Edward Albee: A Singular Journey: A Biography. Simon & Schuster (August 18, 1999) ISBN 978-0684802787 p.44
  38. ^ "Playwright Edward Albee defends 'gay writer' remarks". NPR. June 6, 2011. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023.
  39. ^ a b Pressley, Nelson (September 16, 2016). "Edward Albee, Pulitzer-Winning Playwright of Modern Masterpieces, Dies at 88". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  40. ^ a b Howard, Adam (September 16, 2016). "Pulitzer Prize-Winning Playwright Edward Albee Dead at 88". NBC News. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  41. ^ Jones, Chris (September 16, 2016). "Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee dies at age 88". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  42. ^ "Edward Albee Collection Unveiled by Sotheby's Ahead of September Auction". Artlyst.com.
  43. ^ "Works". Edward Albee Society. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  44. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
  45. ^ "Broadway's Best". The New York Times. March 5, 1985.
  46. ^ "Winners of the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Awards | PEN America". PEN. April 29, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  47. ^ "Who We Are". The Edward F. Albee Foundation. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  48. ^ Brantley, Ben (April 2, 2008). "A Double Bill of Plays, Both Heavy on the Bile". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  49. ^ a b c Hohenberg, John. "A snub of Edward Albee". The Pulitzer Prize. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  50. ^ "Finalist: The Play About the Baby, by Edward Albee". Pulitzer.org. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  51. ^ "Finalist: The Goat or Who is Sylvia?, by Edward Albee". Pulitzer.org. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  52. ^ "1963 Tony Awards Nominees". American Theatre Wing. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  53. ^ "1964 Tony Awards Nominees". American Theatre Wing. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  54. ^ "1963 Tony Awards Nominees". American Theatre Wing. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  55. ^ "1967 Tony Awards Nominees". American Theatre Wing. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  56. ^ "2002 Tony Awards Nominees". American Theatre Wing. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  57. ^ "2005 Tony Awards Nominees". American Theatre Wing. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  58. ^ "Edward Albee". Playbill. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  59. ^ "Edward Albee - Artist". Grammy Awards. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  60. ^ "Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award". Saint Louis University. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  61. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  62. ^ "Edward Albee Biography Photo". 2005. Toni Morrison, recipient of the Nobel Prize, and Edward Albee at a reception prior to the Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies during the 2005 International Achievement Summit in New York City.
  63. ^ Crowder, Courtney (July 10, 2013). "Edward Albee wins Tribune's top award for writing". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 24, 2020.

Further reading

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