The National Defence Forces (NDF; Arabic: قوات الدفاع الوطني Quwāt ad-Difāʿ al-Watanī) is a Syrian pro-government paramilitary volunteer militia, that was formed on 1 November 2012[15] and organized by the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War as a part-time volunteer reserve component of the Syrian Armed Forces.[16]
| National Defence Forces | |
|---|---|
| Quwāt ad-Difāʿ al-Watanī | |
| Dates of operation | 1 November 2012 – present |
| Group(s) |
|
| Headquarters | Damascus |
| Active regions | Syria |
| Allies | State allies
Non-state allies |
| Opponents | State opponents
Non-state opponents
|
| Battles and wars | the Syrian Civil War |
The NDF is made of units across various Syrian provinces, each of them consists of local volunteers willing to fight against rebels for various reasons.[5][17]
Formation
editBy the beginning of 2013, the Syrian government took steps to formalize and professionalize hundreds of Popular Committee militias under a new group dubbed the National Defence Forces.[15][18][19]
The goal was to form an effective, locally based, highly motivated force out of pro-government militias. The NDF, in contrast with the Shabiha forces, received salaries and military equipment from the government.[20][21] Since the formation of the NDF, Shabiha members have been incorporated into its structure.[22][23] The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces has defined Shabiha as the Syrian National Defence Forces.[24]
Young and unemployed men join the NDF, which some view as more attractive than the Syrian Army, considered by many of them to be infiltrated by rebels, overstretched and underfunded. A number of recruits say they joined the group because members of their families had been killed by rebel groups. In some Alawite villages almost every military-age male has joined the National Defence Force.[5]
Others, like the Druze people of Al-Suwayda Governorate, join to protect their land from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).[25] In late June 2015, the Syrian government began arming citizens of this governorate against ISIL, who were harassing the local population with abductions, executions, and plundering. The locals became a large and powerful NDF contingent in the governorate, including the prominent Golan Regiment.[25]
The creation of the NDF was personally overseen by Iranian Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani.[26] Syrian security officials stated that they received assistance from Iran and Hezbollah, who both "played a key role in the formalization of the NDF along the model of the Iranian 'Basij' militia". The NDF recruits received training in urban guerilla warfare from Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Hezbollah instructors at facilities inside Syria, Lebanon, and Iran, with this partnership remaining in place as of April 2015.[22] Iran has contributed to gathering together existing neighborhood militias into a functioning hierarchy and provided them with better equipment and training.[15] The United States government has also stated that Iran is helping build the group on the model of its own Basij militia, and that some members are being sent for training in Iran.[27]
Role
editThe force acts in an infantry role, directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in coordination with the Syrian Army, which provides them with logistical and artillery support.
The force was reported to be 60,000-strong as of June 2013 and grew to 100,000 by August.[5][17][28] The NDF is composed mainly of members of the Alawite and Shia sects of Islam and are loyal to the Syrian Government and the Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.[5]
Units mostly operate in their local areas, although members can also choose to take part in army operations.[20][29] Others have claimed that the NDF does most of the fighting because NDF members, as locals, have a strong knowledge of the region.[29]
Struggling with reliability and issues with defections, officers of the Syrian Army increasingly prefer the part-time volunteer reserves of the NDF, who they regard as more motivated and loyal, over regular army conscripts to conduct infantry operations. An officer in Homs, who asked not to be identified, said the army was increasingly playing a logistical and directive role, while NDF fighters act as combatants on the ground.[3]
On 20 February 2018, NDF battalions volunteered to support the Afrin canton against the Turkish-led operation against Afrin. More recently the NDF has been criticized[by whom?] for escalation and aggressiveness with the YPG and SDF in the cities of Qamishli and across the ANES Al-Hasakah, but mediation later ended the skirmishes.[30][better source needed]
An NDF militia from Mhardeh, led by Sami Al-Wakil, has been accused of war crimes, for instance massacres in Halfaya in December 2012 and Kfar Hod in March 2013, and in Al-Lataminah where it has been reported to be responsible for 200 civilian deaths in artillery fire from a hill it occupied, and of recruiting child soldiers.[31]
Organization and training
editAccording to a report, as of February 2015 the National Defense Forces are organized under provincial commanders, and loosely overseen by a national coordinator who is reported to be Brigadier-General Ghassan Nassour, although later sources report the name of Hawash Mohammed.[2] Local branches are deemed to act with autonomy and to be not cohesive on the provincial level, although there is little uniformity.[32]
Provincial branches seem to be commanded by a senior officer each.[33]
The period of training can vary from 2 weeks to a month depending on whether an individual is being trained for basic combat, sniping, or intelligence.[20]
According to a 2022 analysis by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace said "they are not experienced..., poorly equipped and have never excelled on the battlefield."[6]
Lionesses of National Defence
edit
Since January 2013, the NDF had a 500-strong women's wing called "Lionesses of National Defence", which operates checkpoints in the Homs area.[34] The women are trained to use Kalashnikovs, heavy machine guns and grenades, and taught to storm and control checkpoints.[35] The largest female group belong to Homs NDF. In January 2024, Lionesses of the NDF have officially disbanded. Female recruits will fight with regular units.
Funding
editFrench extreme right non-governmental organization SOS Chrétiens d'Orient (SOSCO) has conducted fundraising for the NDF according to an investigation by the Newlines Magazine.[31][36]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The Shia crescendo". The Economist. 28 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
- ^ a b c Who are the pro-Assad militias in Syria? Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Middle East Eye, 25 September 2015
- ^ a b "Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement". Reuters. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
- ^ IISS, The Military Balance 2023 page 354
- ^ a b c d e "Syria's Alawite Force Turned Tide for Assad". Wall Street Journal. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Syrian Mercenaries in Ukraine: Delusion or Reality?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2022-06-23. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
- ^ Al-Jabassini, Abdullah (2019). From Insurgents to Soldiers: The Fifth Assault Corps in Daraa, Southern Syria. Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria. European University Institute. ISBN 978-92-9084-767-0.
- ^ Szakola, Albin. "Pro-Assad militia says hit by Israel". Archived from the original on 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
- ^ a b ""فوج الجولان" و"صقور القنيطرة" صراع خلفه "جمعية البستان"؟" ["The Golan Regiment" and "Hawks of Quneitra" conflict behind the "Bustan Society"]. Almodon. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ Leith Aboufadel (2 June 2018). "All pro-government militias to be discontinued after southern Syria offensive: source". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ "Syrian Army beats back jihadist forces in Golan Heights despite Israeli aggression". 25 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
- ^ "Islamic State retreats from Palmyra amid stunning Syrian Army offensive". 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
- ^ "How Iran is Building Its Syrian Hezbollah".
- ^ a b "Syrian government, Iraqi reinforcements reach southeast Damascus for upcoming offensive". Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
- ^ a b c Will Fulton, Joseph Holliday, and Sam Wyer, Iranian Strategy in Syria Archived 2016-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, Institute for the Study of War, May 2013
- ^ "SYRIA UPDATE: THE FALL OF AL-QUSAYR". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10. Retrieved Jun 7, 2013.
- ^ a b "Syria's civil war: The regime digs in". The Economist. 15 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06.
- ^ Michael Weiss (18 May 2013). "Rise of the Militias in Syria". RealClearWorld. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
- ^ Lund, Aron (2013-08-27). "The Non-State Militant Landscape in Syria". CTC Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ^ a b c "Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement". Reuters. April 21, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ^ Michael Weiss (17 May 2013). "Rise of the militias". NOW. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05.
- ^ a b Kozak, Christopher (26 May 2015). "The Regime's Military Capabilities: Part 1". ISW. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ^ "Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement". Reuters. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
- ^ "Hezbollah, NDF and Iranian Militias are Arch-Terrorists in Syria". National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ a b Leith Fadel. "Sweida Residents Fight Back Against ISIS: Terrorist Group Suffers Heavy Losses". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
- ^ Siegel, Jacob (5 June 2015). "The Myth of Iran's Military Mastermind". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2015-06-06. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ Barnard, Anne (12 March 2013). "Signs of Strain on Syria's Military Build". 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
- ^ https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/syria-military-landscape-english.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b Glass, Charles (5 December 2013). "Syria: On the Way to Genocide?". New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
- ^ "Military escalation in Al-Qamishli | NDF member killed and others injured in clashes with Asayish Forces • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". Archived from the original on 2021-01-23.
- ^ a b Baiou, Sabrine (2021-11-29). "Under the Guise of Aid: The Far-Right French NGO Allegedly Supporting War Crimes in Syria". New Lines Institute. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
- ^ Lund, Aron (2 March 2015). "Who Are the Pro-Assad Militias?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ Larkin, Craig; Kerr, Michael (2015). The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 220.
- ^ Adam Heffez (28 November 2013). "Using Women to Win in Syria". Al-Monitor (Eylül). Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
- ^ Sly, Liz (2013-01-25). "The all-female militias of Syria". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2014-06-18. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
- ^ "France NGO financing Syria militia guilty of war crimes, report says – Middle East Monitor". 11 June 2021. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
External links
edit- Documentary: National Defense Press TV documentary on Vimeo
- Documentary: Secret Treaties Press TV documentary on Vimeo