Abtai Sain Khan (Mongolian: ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠶ ᠢᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ Абтай сайн хан; 1554 - 1588) - alternately Abatai or Avtai (Mongolian: Автай хан, meaning who have the gift of witchcraft (Автай)[1] and good (сайн) - was a Khalkha-Mongolian prince who was named by the 3rd Dalai Lama as first khan of the Tüsheet Khanate in 1587.[2] He zealously propagated Tibetan Buddhism among the Khalkha Mongols and founded the Buddhist monastery of Erdene Zuu in 1585.
| Abtai Sain Khan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khan of Tüsheet | |||||
.jpg) Abtai Sain Khan and his queen | |||||
| Reign | 1544 - 1588 | ||||
| Coronation | 1587 | ||||
| Predecessor | Onokhui üizen noyan (Mongol Prince) | ||||
| Successor | Erkhi Mergen Khan | ||||
| Born | 1554 | ||||
| Died | 1588 (aged 33–34) | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Issue | Shubuudai, Erkhi | ||||
| |||||
| House | Tüsheet | ||||
| Father | Onokhui üizen noyan (Mongol Prince) | ||||
| Religion | Tibetan Buddhism | ||||
Abtai was born in 1554 to the Khalkha Mongol prince Onokhui üizen Noyan (b. 1534). He was the eldest among Onokhui üizen Noyan's five sons which include Abugho, Tarni, Tumengken, and Barai.[3] He was the great-grandson of Batu Mongke Dayan Khan (1464-1517 / 1543) and grandson of Gersenji (1513–1549). Blood smeared on his fingers at birth presaged a great warrior[4] and from 1567 to 1580 Abtai led several campaigns against western Oirat Mongol tribes, finally defeating the Oirats’ Khoshut tribe at Köbkör Keriye in the mid-1580s. Abtai then placed his son Shubuudai on the Oirat throne.[4] His ferociousness in battle earned him the moniker The Mad Hero or the Mad Taiji of North Khalkha.[5]
Around 1580, Abtai learned that his uncle Atlan Khan (1507–1583) of the Tumeds had converted to Gelupga (Yellow Hat) Tibetan Buddhism. Abtai invited the lama Shiregetü Güüshi Chorjiwa from Altan's Inner Mongolian city Guihua (present day Hohhot) to teach him the basic tenets of Tibetan Buddhism.[4] Abtai then ordered construction of the Erdene Zuu monastery in 1585. Stones from the nearby ruins of the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum were used in its construction and the monastery was populated with images and relics Abtai had received from the Dalai Lama.
In 1587, Abtai traveled to Guihua to meet with Sonam Gyatso, the 3rd Dalai Lama, who had traveled there from Lhasa to offer prayers for Altan Khan, who had died in 1583. Upon Abtai's return, he banned shamanism and declared Tibetan Buddhism to be the state religion of Khalkha Mongols.
Abtai died a year later in 1588. His remains were interred at Erdene Zuu. Shortly thereafter his son Shubuudai was killed by Oirat chieftains. Abtai's descendants would continue to reign over the house of the Tüsheet Khan. Abtai's great-grandson Zanabazar (born Eshidorji) was recognized by the 5th Dalai Lama as the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu and Bogd Gegeen or spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism in Khalkha Mongolia in the 1640s.[6]
Abadai had also made notable architectural contributions. He had built the three temples (T urban juu) and more particularly Central Jowo/Temple (T ool juu) of Erdeni juu in 1586.[7]
Bao Muping's, a historian of architecture, recent article on the architectural models of Erdeni juu, sparks up new hypotheses about the location inside the wall, as well as the inner corridor of circumambulation, the main icons and lastly the alignment of the Three Temples. He argues that "Erdeni juu" does not in fact mean "Precious Temple" but should be instead translated to "Jowo Rinpoche" in reference to the twelve year old "Jowo (statue)", the most worshipped statue of Lhasa.[7]
In pre-revolutionary Mongolia a special cult devoted to Abtai Khan flourished. He was celebrated as the last ruler who tried to unite Mongolia after the collapse of the Yuan Empire and who introduced Buddhism to Mongolia.References
- ^ Ferdinand Lessing, "Mongolian-English Dictionary", p.5
- ^ Sanders, Alan A. K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0810874527.
- ^ Howorth, Henry (1876). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. National Central Library of Florence: Longmans, Green. p. 483.
- ^ a b c Atwood, Christopher (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. University of Indiana. pp. 1. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9.
- ^ Bawden, C. R. (2013). Mongolian Literature Anthology. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1136602627.
- ^ Wisotzki, Marion; von Waldenfels, Ernst; Käppeli, Erna (2014). Unterwegs im Land der Nomaden. Trescher Verlag. p. 144. ISBN 978-3897942684.
- ^ a b Charleux, Isabelle (2017), Circumambulating the Jowo in Mongolia, p. 357, retrieved 26 March 2024