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Australian Aboriginal flag

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The Australian Aboriginal flag is the official flag of Aboriginal Australians. It was granted official status in 1995 under the Flags Act 1953, together with the Torres Strait Islander flag, in recognition of their status as Indigenous peoples of Australia. The two flags are often flown together with the Australian national flag.

Australian Aboriginal flag
UseOfficial flag of Aboriginal Australians
Proportion2:3 (as depicted above) or 1:2
Adopted14 July 1995
DesignA horizontal bi-colour of black and red with a yellow disc in the centre
Designed byHarold Thomas
Marching from Parliament House down King William Street to Victoria Square/Tarntanyangga, Adelaide, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Aboriginal flag, 8 July 2001

The Australian Aboriginal flag was designed by Aboriginal artist Harold Thomas in 1971, and it was first flown in Adelaide in July of that year. Thomas held the intellectual property rights to the flag's design until January 2022, when he transferred the copyright to the Commonwealth government. The flag was designed for the land rights movement and became a symbol of Aboriginal people of Australia.

The flag is horizontally and equally divided into a black region (above) and a red region (below); a yellow disc is superimposed over the centre of the flag.[1] The overall proportions of the flag, as proclaimed, are 2:3; however, the flag is often reproduced in the proportions 1:2 as with the Australian national flag.[2]

History edit

The flag was designed by Aboriginal artist Harold Thomas for use in a march to commemorate National Aborigines Day in Adelaide in July 1971. This was the first time that the flag had been flown. After the event, it became popular, and the wife of Vince Copley, Brenda Copley, sewed an estimated 1000 flags, including 100 for Adelaide City Council.[3]

Status edit

On 14 July 1995, Governor-General Bill Hayden issued a proclamation under section five of the Flags Act 1953 declaring the Australian Aboriginal flag to be "recognised as the flag of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia and a flag of significance to the Australian nation generally".[4] Due to an "administrative oversight",[5] the 1995 proclamation was not lodged so that it would continue in force indefinitely; hence it automatically expired on 1 January 2008. It was therefore almost identically replaced, on 25 January 2008, with effect as from 1 January.[6]

In the 2008 proclamation, the flag "is recognised as the flag of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia and a flag of significance to the Australian nation generally" and appointed "to be the flag of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia and to be known as the Australian Aboriginal Flag". The design is reproduced in Schedule 1 and described in Schedule 2.[6]

Design edit

 
A version of the flag in 1:2 proportions

Symbolic meaning edit

The symbolic meaning of the flag colours (as stated by Harold Thomas) is:[7]

  • Black – represents the Aboriginal people of Australia
  • Yellow circle – represents the Sun, the giver of life and protector
  • Red – the red can have two meanings: representing the red earth, the red ochre used in ceremonies and Aboriginal peoples' spiritual relation to the land; and representing the blood of the Aboriginal people[8][9][10]

Colours edit

 
A 2:3 version of the flag using RGB approximations of the official Pantone colours

The official colour specifications of the Australian Aboriginal flag are:[11]

Scheme Red Yellow Black
Pantone 1795 C (or 179 C[12]) 123 C Black C
RGB
(Hex) 		204–0–0
(#CC0000) 		255–255–0
(#FFFF00) 		0–0–0
(#000000)
CMYK 0%–100%–100%–30% 0%–0%–100%–0% 0%–0%–0%–100%

In most cases, on-screen or digital reproductions of the flag should use the RGB colours as in the table above. When displaying in physical fabric formats, it is much preferred to use the Pantone specifications. When printing on paper, the CMYK colours are superior.

History edit

 
The Aboriginal flag at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in 1974

The flag was first flown on National Aborigines Day in Victoria Square in Adelaide on 9 July 1971.[13][7] It was also used in Canberra at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy from late 1972. In the early months of the embassy—which was established in February that year—other designs were used, including a black, green and red flag made by supporters of the South Sydney Rabbitohs rugby league club, and a flag with a red-black field containing a spear and four crescents in yellow.

 
The Australian Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Australian flags being flown outside Parliament House to mark NAIDOC Week

Cathy Freeman caused controversy at the 1994 Commonwealth Games by carrying the Aboriginal flag as well as the Australian national flag during her victory lap of the arena, after winning the 200 metres sprint; only the national flag is meant to be displayed. Despite strong criticism from both Games officials and Australian team president Arthur Tunstall, Freeman carried both flags again after winning the 400 metres.

 
Australian Aboriginal flag, Invasion Day protest march, Sydney, 2018

The decision in 1995 by Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating that the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags should be given the status of national flags was opposed by the Liberal Opposition at the time, Opposition Leader John Howard stating that "any attempt to give the flags official status under the Flags Act would rightly be seen by many in the community not as an act of reconciliation but as a divisive gesture".[14] Nonetheless, since Howard became Prime Minister in 1996 and under subsequent Labor governments, these flags have remained national flags. However, this decision was differently criticised by the designer of the flag, Harold Thomas, who said that the Aboriginal flag "doesn't need any more recognition".[15]

 
The Aboriginal and National flags flying on the Sydney Harbour Bridge (2018)

The National Indigenous Advisory Committee campaigned for the Aboriginal flag to be flown at Stadium Australia during the 2000 Summer Olympics.[16] The Olympics organisers announced that the Aboriginal flag would be flown at Olympic venues.[17] The flag has been flown over the Sydney Harbour Bridge during the march for reconciliation of 2000 and many other events, including Australia Day. On 4 February 2022, the New South Wales government announced that the flag would be flown from the Harbour Bridge permanently.[18]

On the 30th anniversary of the flag in 2001, thousands of people were involved in a ceremony where the flag was carried from the Parliament of South Australia to Victoria Square.[19]

Use edit

 
The Aboriginal flag flying in Victoria Square/Tarntanyangga, Adelaide (2013), near where the flag was first flown

Public buildings and locations edit

The first city council to fly the Aboriginal flag was Newcastle City Council in 1977.[20]

On 8 July 2002 the Adelaide City Council endorsed the permanent flying of the Aboriginal flag close to the location of its first raising at Victoria Square in 1971 (now dual-named Tarntanyangga), which now flies adjacent to the Australian flag.[21][22][23] It has also been flown in front of Adelaide Town Hall since the same date.[19]

Various councils in Australian towns fly the Aboriginal flag from the town halls, such as Bendigo (adopted in 2005).[24] The flag is also flown at many other public buildings such as a number of the state Parliament Houses including that of Victoria.[25]

In April 2021 Regional NSW Police Deputy Commissioner Gary Worboys said that he would like to see the flag flown at every New South Wales Police regional police station in the state, expanding from the 12 of the 89 then flying it.[26]

The Australian Aboriginal flag has been hoisted alongside the Australian national flag as a permanent feature of the Australian Embassy in Dublin, Ireland, since 5 March 2021.[27]

 
The Australian national, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags as they are often displayed at official events

Following the 2022 Australian federal election on 21 May 2022, the incoming Anthony Albanese led Labor government started displaying the Aboriginal flag and the Torres Strait Islander flag alongside the national flag at ministerial press conferences.[28] Upon the opening of the new Parliament, both flags began to be displayed in the House of Representatives and Senate chambers.[29]

From 27 May 2022, at the start of National Reconciliation Week, both the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags were hoisted on the front lawn of Government House, Adelaide, to be permanently flown alongside the national flag and the South Australian flag.[30]

Other authorised uses edit

The sale of condoms in the colours of the Aboriginal flag won a public health award in 2005 for the initiative's success in improving safe sex practices among young Indigenous people.[31][32]

Aboriginal-designed emojis titled Indigemojis and including the flag on several designs, were released in December 2019 via an app,[33] with the permission of Harold Thomas.[34]

Proposed, unauthorised and other uses edit

 
A number of Aboriginal flags at an Invasion Day Protest in Melbourne, 2019

The Aboriginal flag is sometimes substituted for the Union Flag in the canton of Australia's flag in proposed new Australian flag designs. Harold Thomas said of this idea: "I wouldn′t reject it out of hand, but I could make a decision to say no. Our flag is not a secondary thing. It stands on its own, not to be placed as an adjunct to any other thing. It shouldn't be treated that way".[35]

In the science fiction film Event Horizon, actor Sam Neill, himself a New Zealander, designed a flag for use on his sleeve as the way he thought the Australian flag should look in 2047, which incorporated the Aboriginal flag.[36]

The Australian Aboriginal flag is celebrated in the painting The First Supper (1988) by Susan Dorothea White where the central figure is an Aboriginal woman who displays the flag on her T-shirt.[37]

The flag was to be part of the logo on Google Australia's home page on Australia Day 2010, but the company was forced to modify the design due to its creator Harold Thomas demanding payment if Google were to use it.[38]

The anti-Islamic group Reclaim Australia used the flag at their protests in 2015, which was condemned by the flag's creator, Harold Thomas, who called it "idiotic".[39]

Copyright edit

Further information: Copyright law in Australia

Copyright in the flag has been subject to controversy, as to original and ongoing ownership of the copyright.

1997: copyright granted to Thomas edit

In 1997, in the case of Thomas v Brown and Tennant,[40] the Federal Court of Australia declared that Harold Thomas was the owner of copyright in the design of the Australian Aboriginal flag, and thus the flag has protection under Australian copyright law.[41][42] Thomas had sought legal recognition of his ownership and compensation following the Federal Government's 1995 proclamation of the design, and his claim was contested by two others, George Brown and James Tennant.[43] After winning copyright, Thomas awarded rights solely to Carroll & Richardson – Flagworld Pty Ltd and Birubi Art Pty Ltd for the manufacture and marketing of the flag and of products featuring the flag's image.[44]

In November 2018, Thomas granted WAM Clothing (which is co-owned by Birubi Art owner Ben Wooster) a licence for the use of the flag on clothing. In June 2019, it was reported that WAM Clothing had demanded that Aboriginal-owned businesses stop selling clothing that featured the flag.[45] They also sent notices to the NRL and AFL about their use of the flag on Indigenous round jerseys.[46] In June 2020, after a prominent Aboriginal footballer began selling WAM-licensed teeshirts bearing the flag through his own website, Aboriginal former senator Nova Peris, a leader of a "free the flag" campaign, wrote to the Governor-General, requesting his support for divesting WAM of the copyright.[47]

After consultation with its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advisory Council, the AFL did not enter into a commercial agreement with WAM in 2020, in line with general Aboriginal sentiment on the issue. In August 2020, Ken Wyatt, Minister for Indigenous Australians, said that he would love to see the flag freely used across Australia, and former AFL player Michael Long said its absence would have a negative effect on the players in the Sir Doug Nicholls Indigenous Round. Wyatt encouraged spectators to bring flags to the games, beginning in Darwin on 22 August 2020.[48][49]

2022: copyright transfer to Commonwealth edit

 
On the Sydney Harbour Bridge

On 24 January 2022, the Commonwealth government announced, after more than three years of confidential negotiations,[50] that Thomas had transferred the copyright in the flag to the Commonwealth.[51] The federal government paid $20.05m to Thomas and licence holders (including WAM Clothing and Carroll and Richardson Flagworld) to extinguish existing licences and secure copyright. As part of the copyright transfer, Thomas retained moral rights over the flag (which include the right to be identified as its creator). Following the copyright transfer, Carroll and Richardson Flagworld continued to be the exclusive manufacturer, although individuals may make copies for personal use.[52][51]

The Commonwealth agreed to fund a scholarship in Thomas's name for Indigenous students to further the development of Indigenous governance and leadership and an online education portal on the flag's history. An original painting by Thomas detailing the transfer of copyright would be "displayed in a prominent location" by the Commonwealth. All royalties from the copyright are to be transferred to the National Aborigines and Islanders Day Observance Committee, and $2m would be devoted to establishing a not-for-profit organisation that will make periodic payments for activities related to the flag.[52][53][54]

About the use of the flag, the government statement reads:[51]

The Aboriginal Flag will now be managed in a similar manner to the Australian National Flag, where its use is free, but must be presented in a respectful and dignified way. All Australians can now put the Aboriginal Flag on apparel such as sports jerseys and shirts, it can be painted on sports grounds, included on websites, in paintings and other artworks, used digitally and in any other medium without having to ask for permission or pay a fee.

Many Aboriginal people celebrated the freeing of the flag; however, Bronwyn Carlson, Professor of Indigenous Studies and Director of the Centre for Global Indigenous Futures at Macquarie University, expressed a contrary opinion, suggesting that to "free" the flag for all and sundry may demean it as a symbol of Aboriginal identity and history. She wrote in The Conversation: "the Aboriginal flag has always been our flag. We didn't need an act of parliament to recognise its significance."[55] Some Indigenous people are not happy to see the federal government have control of the flag, rather than an Indigenous organisation, and law professor Isabella Alexander said that some legal questions remained, for as long as details of the agreement were still commercial-in-confidence.[56] Upon the release by the Australian government of the Assignment Deed following an FOI application,[57] David J. Brennan has identified a likelihood that the Australian copyright in the 1971 flag as an artistic work expired upon transfer to the Commonwealth.[58]

The flag's current legal status was debated in an Australian Senate estimates committee in mid‑February 2022, when it was also revealed that the Morrison government had paid $13.75m to Thomas to assume copyright, and also paid $6.3m to two non-Indigenous businesses which held licences to use the flag. These companies are WAM Clothing, which received $5.2m, and Wooster Holdings, which was paid $1.1m. Interests in both companies are held by Gold Coast businessman Ben Wooster, former director of Birubi Art (which was fined $23m in 2018 for selling fake Aboriginal art).[59]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Australian Aboriginal Flag" (PDF). Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Australian Government. 15 May 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  2. ^ The proclamations and the Flags Act (for the Australian National Flag and the Australian Red Ensign) do not specify overall proportions but show the flags as images.
  3. ^ Copley, Vince (12 December 2022). "The Wonder of Little Things". HarperCollins Australia. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  4. ^ "Flags Act 1953 Proclamation". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S259). 14 July 1995.
  5. ^ Perhaps because the special issue is not listed on the front of issue No. GN 28. The Gazette is available online only from 2002.
  6. ^ a b "Flags Act 1953—Proclamation (Australian Aboriginal Flag)". Federal Register of Legislation. Retrieved 5 July 2022. The only significant change from 1995 is that "Australian Aboriginal flag" is altered to "Australian Aboriginal Flag".
  7. ^ a b "Indigenous Australian flags". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2015. Also Schedule 2 to each of the proclamations.
  8. ^ Peris, Nova (24 September 2020). "Select Committee on the Aboriginal Flag – 24/09/2020 – Aboriginal flag design". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022.
  9. ^ "The Australian Flag". Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Water Resources: Australian National Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. The red the earth and the blood of the Aboriginal people.
  10. ^ Drahm-Butler, Tileah (13 November 2020). "Decolonising Social Work". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021. The red of the flag can have two meanings – it's the earth and the blood of the people.
  11. ^ Australia. (2002). Style manual for authors, editors and printers. Snooks & Co. (6th ed.). Canberra: John Wiley & Sons Australia. p. 300. ISBN 9780701636487. OCLC 49316140.
  12. ^ Cabinet, Prime Minister and (27 June 2016). "Australian flags". www.pmc.gov.au. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  13. ^ "Australian Aboriginal flag". City of Adelaide. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  14. ^ From a statement of 4 July 1995, cited on Flags of the World website. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  15. ^ Harold Thomas in Land Rights News, July 1995, p. 3, cited in Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Icon or Eyesore?
  16. ^ "Aboriginal flag to fly?". Cool Running Australia. 25 September 1998. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  17. ^ "Aboriginal flag to fly at Olympic venues". rediff.com. 21 August 2000. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  18. ^ Rabe, Tom (4 February 2022). "'Find a way': Aboriginal flag to fly permanently on Harbour Bridge". Sydney Morning Herald.
  19. ^ a b "Reconciliation". Adelaidecitycouncil.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  20. ^ Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (1994). "Chapter 19. Newcastle: Building a Community". Walking Together: The First Steps. Report of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation to Federal Parliament 1991–94. Australian Government Printing Service. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
  21. ^ "Australian Aboriginal flag". City of Adelaide. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  22. ^ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags". NAIDOC. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  23. ^ Paul, Mandy (17 December 2013). "Aboriginal flag". Adelaidia. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  24. ^ "City of Greater Bendigo – Aboriginal Flag To Permanently Fly From Town Hall". Bendigo.vic.gov.au. 21 April 2005. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  25. ^ "Aboriginal Flag flying forever at Parliament". Parliament of Victoria. 15 September 2015.
  26. ^ Wainwright, Sofie (21 April 2021). "NSW Police works to fly Aboriginal flag permanently at more regional stations". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  27. ^ "Aboriginal flag flies at Australian embassy in Dublin". RTÉ. 5 March 2021.
  28. ^ Knowles, Rachael (23 May 2022). "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Flags flank Prime Minister's debut". NITV. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  29. ^ Mahony, Jack (28 July 2022). "Senate President Sue Lines no longer wants the Lord's Prayer read before each sitting day in Parliament". Sky News Australia. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  30. ^ Opie, Rebecca (27 May 2022). "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags permanently fly at Government House". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  31. ^ "Aboriginal flag condoms win health award". ABC News. 10 November 2005. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  32. ^ Molloy, Rachel; Greet, Bev; Knight, Ken (2005). "Don't let your community get bitten. Ask for a snake". Australian Indigenous Health Bulletin. 5 (1: Brief report). Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  33. ^ Ward, Sarah (21 December 2019). "Australia's First Set of Indigenous Emojis Are Now Available to Download". Concrete Playground. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  34. ^ Taylor, Josh (12 July 2019). "Indigenous emojis featuring Aboriginal flag and boomerang to be released". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  35. ^ "Replace the Union Jack with the Aboriginal Flag". Ausflag. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  36. ^ "Flag Waived." AusFlag: Article from The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 October 1997. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  37. ^ Norton, Kylie. "Susan Dorothea White The First Supper". Susan Dorothea White. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  38. ^ Moses, Asher (26 January 2010). "Oh dear: Google flagged over logo dispute". Smh.com.au. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  39. ^ McQuire, Amy (8 April 2015). "Oh dear: Father Of The Aboriginal Flag Slams Reclaim Australia For 'Idiotic' Appropriation". newmatilda.com.au. Archived from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  40. ^ Harold Joseph Thomas v David George Brown & James Morrison Vallely Tennant [1997] FCA 215 (9 April 1997) Accessed 14 July 2013.
  41. ^ "Federal Court declares Aboriginal artist owner of copyright in Aboriginal flag" (PDF) (Press release). Australian Copyright Council. 9 April 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  42. ^ "The Work of the Court". Annual Report 1996-1997. Federal Court of Australia. Archived from the original on 28 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  43. ^ Colin Golvan, "A Sorry Tale", from Australian Financial Review 4 July 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  44. ^ "Press release from Carroll and Richardson". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  45. ^ Allam, Lorena (11 June 2019). "Company that holds Aboriginal flag rights part-owned by man prosecuted for selling fake art". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  46. ^ Higgins, Isabella (11 June 2019). "New licence owners of Aboriginal flag threaten football codes and clothing companies". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  47. ^ Cherny, Daniel (8 June 2020). "Buddy embroiled in Aboriginal flag controversy". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  48. ^ Henderson, Anna (21 August 2020). "Ken Wyatt encourages AFL fans to 'drape' the Aboriginal flag around them to protest copyright stoush". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  49. ^ Allam, Lorena (21 August 2020). "AFL slugged with retrospective bill for use of Aboriginal flag as fans urged to bring their own". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  50. ^ "Who is Harold Thomas, the man who created the Aboriginal flag?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  51. ^ a b c Morrison, Scott; Wyatt, Ken (25 January 2022). "Free use of Aboriginal Flag secured for all Australians". Prime Minister of Australia. Retrieved 28 January 2022.   Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
  52. ^ a b Butler, Josh (24 January 2022). "Australian government buys copyright to Aboriginal flag in $20m deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  53. ^ "Aboriginal flag made freely available for all Australians, after Commonwealth secures copyright". ABC News. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  54. ^ Harris, Rob (24 January 2012). "Free for all: Copyright for Aboriginal flag transferred to public hands in $20m deal". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  55. ^ Carlson, Bronwyn (25 January 2022). "Don't say the Aboriginal flag was 'freed' – it belongs to us, not the Commonwealth". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  56. ^ Alexander, Isabella (28 January 2022). "The Aboriginal flag is now 'freely available for public use'. What does this mean from a legal standpoint?". The Conversation. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  57. ^ "Assignment Deed for Copyright in the Australian Aboriginal Flag between the Commonwealth of Australia and Mr Harold Joseph Thomas" (PDF). National Indigenous Australians Agency. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  58. ^ Brennan, David (4 October 2022). "Section 180 of the Copyright Act 1968 and the Assignment Deed for Copyright in the Australian Aboriginal Flag". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  59. ^ Allam, Lorena (18 February 2022). "Aboriginal flag 'colonised': senators in heated exchange over government's purchase of copyright". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2022.

Further reading edit

External links edit

 
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