The Kh-28 (Russian: Х-28; Nisan-28; NATO: AS-9 'Kyle') was the first Soviet anti-radiation missile (ARM) for tactical aircraft.[1] It entered production in 1973 and is still carried on some Sukhoi Su-22s in developing countries but is no longer in Russian service.[1] Use of the Kh-28 was restricted by its weight, limited seeker head, bulk and fuelling requirements, and it was superseded by the smaller, solid-fuel Kh-58 (AS-11 'Kilter') in the early 1980s.
| Kh-28 (NATO reporting name: AS-9 'Kyle') | |
|---|---|
 USAF EOD specialist disassembles presumed Kh-28 – Iraq 1991 | |
| Type | air-launched anti-radiation missile |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1973–current |
| Used by | FSU,[1] Warsaw Pact,[1] India,[1] Iraq,[1] Vietnam[1] |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Alexander Yakovlevich Bereznyak |
| Manufacturer | MKB Raduga |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 720 kg (1,590 lb)[2] |
| Length | 597 cm (19 ft 7 in)[2] |
| Diameter | 43 cm (16.9 in)[2] |
| Wingspan | 193 cm (6 ft 4.0 in)[2] |
| Warhead | Blast fragmentation[1] |
| Warhead weight | 160 kg (353 lb)[2] |
| Engine | Two-stage liquid-fuel rocket[2] |
Operational range | 110 km (59 nmi) [3] |
| Maximum speed | Mach 3.0[2] |
Guidance system | Inertial guidance with passive radar seeker[1] |
Launch platform | Su-17M/Su-20/Su-22M, Su-24M, Tu-16, MiG-25BM, MiG-27, Tu-22M[4] |
Development
editSoviet offensive doctrine in the early 1960s assumed that widespread use of nuclear weapons would disable Western radar-based air defence systems through electromagnetic pulses (EMP) effects.[3] Consequently, they paid little attention to the development of ARMs.[3] However, in January 1963 the Berezniak design bureau (which became MKB Raduga in 1967) was tasked with developing such a missile as part of the K-28P weapon complex based around a "Wild Weasel" version of the Yak-28 'Brewer' bomber (hence -28; the 'K' stands for kompleks, P stands for protivradiolokatsyonny 'anti-radar').[3]
The main difficulty came in the design of the APR-28 guidance system undertaken by CKB-111 (later NPO Avtomatika).[3] This meant that the Kh-28 missile was not ready until the 1970s.[3] Flight trials were carried out on a Yak-28N, but by then the Yak-28 had ceased production and was perceived as obsolete, and the K-28P system was cancelled.[3] Instead the Kh-28 was adapted for use by standard attack aircraft, in particular the Su-24 'Fencer-A' and Su-17M 'Fitter-C'.[3]
Design
editThe Kh-28 was the first liquid-fuel Soviet ARM and was quickly replaced by the solid-fuel Kh-58 missile, according to research from Dr. Carlo Kopp, the editor in chief of Air Power Australia.[5]
The design of the Kh-28 was similar to – but smaller than – Raduga's Kh-22 (AS-4 'Kitchen')[4] and KSR-5 (AS-6 'Kingfish') anti-shipping missiles.[2] The Su-24 could carry one under each wing, and used the onboard Filin ('Eagle Owl') targeting system.[3] The Su-17M could only carry one Kh-28 on the centreline, and used the Myetyel/Metel ('Blizzard') system in a pod under the right wing, later replaced by the Vyuga ('Snowstorm') pod.[3]
The APR-28 seeker on the original Kh-28 could only target the MIM-14 Nike-Hercules and English Electric Thunderbird SAM systems, although the Filin could recognise other frequencies.[3] The Kh-28M had an updated X-band seeker that could recognise the MIM-23 Hawk's AN/MPQ-33 and subsequent AN/MPQ-39 target-illumination radars, and the AN/MPQ-34 low-level target-acquisition radar.[1] Other seekers may have been produced.[1]
The propulsion system consists of a fuel tank and a separate tank for the red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) oxidiser. One problem was that the missile required fuelling just before flight, and not many airfields had the appropriate facilities.[2] Range is given variously as 80–95 km or 120 km.[2]
Operational history
editThe Kh-28 entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1973, and has been widely exported. It was cleared for use on the Su-17M/Su-20/Su-22M, Su-24M, Tupolev Tu-16, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25BM, MiG-27 and Tupolev Tu-22M aircraft.[4] It was also tested on an Antonov An-12BL SEAD variant of the transport that could carry four of the missiles.[4] A missile believed to be a Kh-28 was captured in Iraq by US forces during the first Gulf War in April 1991. One man was burnt by RFNA from the oxidiser tank while he was making it safe.[6]
Operators
edit
- others
Libya from 
Libya aviation arsenals
Azerbaijan
Georgia unknown, active or depot in stockage or not operational
Kazakhstan unknown, maybe active or on depot stockage
Ukraine unknown status or not operational
Belarus unknown, probably active or stockage in depot
Former operators
edit
Soviet Union passed on to successor states
Afghanistan
Hungary
Iraq[7]
Peru[8]
Poland
South Yemen[9]
Variants
edit- Kh-28 (Izdeliye 93, D-8) - original version targeting Nike-Hercules and Thunderbird SAMs
- Kh-28M - improved version capable against Hawk and possibly other radars
- Kh-28E - export version
- Nisan-28 or Nissan-28 - Iraqi version of Kh-28E displayed in Baghdad in 1989 that was reported to have three seeker heads for different frequency bands.[2]
Similar weapons
edit- AGM-78 Standard ARM – US anti-radar missile with similar range but only Mach 2.0
- Martel missile AS37 – Anglo-French first-generation anti-radar missile, subsonic with 60 km range
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Staff of Journal of Electronic Defense (2004), International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook, Artech House, ISBN 978-1-58053-898-5
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Friedman, Norman (1997). The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapons systems, 1997-1998. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-268-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fiszer, Michal; Gruszczynski, Jerzy (January 2003), "Crimson SEAD: An insider's view of suppression-of-enemy-air-defense weapons and doctrine, soviet-style.", Journal of Electronic Defense Also available from AccessMyLibrary
- ^ a b c d "Kh-28 (AS-9 'Kyle')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, August 1, 2008, archived from the original on January 27, 2013
- ^ Snow, Shawn (August 25, 2017). "Kurdish fighters capture Russian anti-radiation missiles from ISIS". Military Times. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ Rostker, Bernard (August 3, 1999), Information Paper - Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid, Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, archived from the original on July 18, 2008
- ^ Cooper & Sipos 2019, p. 19
- ^ Tincopa 2018, p. 29
- ^ Cooper 2017, p. 40
References
edit- Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2.
- Cooper, Tom; Sipos, Milos (2019). Iraqi Mirages. The Dassault Mirage Family in Service with the Iraqi Air Force, 1981-1988. Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912390-31-1.
- Gordon, Yefim (2004), Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two, Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, ISBN 1-85780-188-1
- Tincopa, Amaru (2018). Su-22 Fitter. Australis. ISBN 978-987-1682-60-7.