The COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Belarus, when the first case of COVID-19 in the country was registered in Minsk on 28 February 2020.[2] As of 29 January 2023, a total of 19,047,714 vaccine doses have been administered.[3]
| COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus | |
|---|---|
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Belarus |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, China |
| Index case | Minsk |
| Arrival date | 28 February 2020 (4 years, 8 months and 18 days ago) |
| Confirmed cases | 919,736 |
| Recovered | 908,132 |
Deaths | 6,480 |
| Fatality rate | 0.7% |
| Vaccinations | Doses administered: 10,425,997 People fully vaccinated: 4,497,626 Fully vaccinated population: 47.51%[1] |
Background
editOn 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.[4][5]
The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003,[6][7] but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant death toll.[8][6]
Timeline
edit_2.jpg)
February 2022
edit| February 2022 |
|---|
| On 1 February, a total of 744,871 confirmed cases were reported, including 734,885 recoveries and 6,067 deaths. More than 11,731,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[9]
On 2 February, a total of 748,505 confirmed cases were reported, including 738,181 recoveries and 6,084 deaths. More than 11,773,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[10] On 3 February, a total of 753,495 confirmed cases were reported, including 742,762 recoveries and 6,099 deaths. More than 11,823,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[11] On 4 February, a total of 760,845 confirmed cases were reported, including 749,595 recoveries and 6,116 deaths. More than 11,870,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[12] On 5 February, a total of 769,076 confirmed cases were reported, including 757,436 recoveries and 6,132 deaths. More than 11,909,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[13] On 6 February, a total of 777,391 confirmed cases were reported, including 765,467 recoveries and 6,147 deaths. More than 11,945,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[14] On 7 February, a total of 783,260 confirmed cases were reported, including 770,567 recoveries and 6,159 deaths. More than 11,967,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[15] On 8 February, a total of 788,934 confirmed cases were reported, including 775,634 recoveries and 6,175 deaths. More than 11,978,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[16] On 9 February, a total of 797,188 confirmed cases were reported, including 783,649 recoveries and 6,190 deaths. More than 12,010,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[17] On 10 February, a total of 805,651 confirmed cases were reported, including 792,007 recoveries and 6,204 deaths. More than 12,045,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[18] On 11 February, a total of 814,262 confirmed cases were reported, including 800,239 recoveries and 6,221 deaths. More than 12,078,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[19] On 12 February, a total of 823,045 confirmed cases were reported, including 808,784 recoveries and 6,237 deaths. More than 12,108,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[20] On 13 February, a total of 831,966 confirmed cases were reported, including 817,900 recoveries and 6,253 deaths. More than 12,137,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[21] On 14 February, a total of 838,571 confirmed cases were reported, including 823,890 recoveries and 6,265 deaths. More than 12,153,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[22] On 15 February, a total of 843,717 confirmed cases were reported, including 828,579 recoveries and 6,278 deaths. More than 12,161,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[23] On 16 February, a total of 851,636 confirmed cases were reported, including 836,809 recoveries and 6,295 deaths. More than 12,188,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[24] On 17 February, a total of 859,884 confirmed cases were reported, including 845,171 recoveries and 6,313 deaths. More than 12,218,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[25] On 18 February, a total of 868,078 confirmed cases were reported, including 853,535 recoveries and 6,329 deaths. More than 12,248,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[26] On 19 February, a total of 875,934 confirmed cases were reported, including 861,397 recoveries and 6,348 deaths. More than 12,272,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[27] On 20 February, a total of 883,217 confirmed cases were reported, including 869,256 recoveries and 6,361 deaths. More than 12,299,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[28] On 21 February, a total of 887,582 confirmed cases were reported, including 873,353 recoveries and 6,375 deaths. More than 12,311,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[29] On 22 February, a total of 890,089 confirmed cases were reported, including 875,660 recoveries and 6,392 deaths. More than 12,317,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[30] On 23 February, a total of 896,319 confirmed cases were reported, including 882,376 recoveries and 6,407 deaths. More than 12,343,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[31] On 24 February, a total of 902,315 confirmed cases were reported, including 888,963 recoveries and 6,421 deaths. More than 12,367,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[32] On 25 February, a total of 907,978 confirmed cases were reported, including 895,092 recoveries and 6,438 deaths. More than 12,389,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[33] On 26 February, a total of 913,333 confirmed cases were reported, including 901,068 recoveries and 6,454 deaths. More than 12,408,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[34] On 27 February, a total of 917,468 confirmed cases were reported, including 906,043 recoveries and 6,470 deaths. More than 12,427,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[35] On 28 February, a total of 919,736 confirmed cases were reported, including 908,132 recoveries and 6,480 deaths. More than 12,438,000 COVID-19 tests had been conducted in Belarus to date.[36] |
Government response
edit2020
editOn 16 March, the President of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, dismissed the threat of coronavirus and encouraged working in fields and driving tractors as a way of overcoming the pandemic: "You just have to work, especially now, in a village [...] there, the tractor will heal everyone. The fields heal everyone."[37] In his further comments on the pandemic, the Belarusian leader referred to it as "psychosis", and on 28 March he played a game of hockey, later stating in an interview "it is better to die on our feet, than live on your knees [...] sport, especially on ice, is better than any antiviral medication, it is the real thing".[38][39] Prior to that, in an official meeting, Lukashenko proposed "poisoning" the coronavirus with vodka, as well as attending banyas as the best cures for the disease.[40]
On 25 March, a mandatory 14-days self-quarantine requirement was instituted for persons entering Belarus from countries affected by the pandemic, with the exception of diplomats and their families, air crews and persons transiting Belarus on return to their home countries.[41]
As of 30 March, Belarus had not initiated a nation-wide quarantine effort.[42] That, as well as the gradual decrease in transparency of the official reports on the pandemic, led to criticism from the press and population, emphasizing the absence of up-to-date information about the territories affected by the virus, decreased update frequency and increased ambiguity of the official reports, as well as restraint of the non-governmental media from the government sessions on the epidemiological situation in the country.[43]
On 4 April, the Ministry of Education of Belarus announced a one-week extension of spring vacation for schools.[44] On 10 April another one-week extension followed.[45]
On 9 April, a mandatory 14-day self-isolation requirement was issued by the government for foreign and Belarusian citizens with either confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, or the status of first- or second-level contact. The penalties for breaking the requirement include administrative detention, fine and imprisonment.[46]
In an interview given to Tut.By on 10 April, Vladimir Makei, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus, stated he "felt shame" having to wear a face mask when "walking to a store" and expressed skepticism about nation-wide quarantine as a rational approach to fighting the pandemic: "I don't think the implementation of 'total' quarantine would have spared us from growth of this curve, which we would see anyway." When asked about the help Belarus received from other countries, Makei noted the Chinese humanitarian aid (COVID-19 tests and medical equipment) and criticized Russia, mentioning unreliable COVID-19 tests and 15 infected workers sent to the construction of the Belarusian nuclear power plant in Astravyets from Nizhny Tagil. According to Makei, approximately 4,000 COVID-19 tests were conducted in Belarus daily.[47]
In a Ministry of Health briefing given on 10 April it was clarified that Belarus did not plan any postponement of conscription. According to Elena Bogdan, the Deputy Minister of Health, 8-10% of COVID-19 tests give positive results, and more than 65,000 COVID-19 tests are currently available in Belarus. It was also reported that 10 out of 169 recovered COVID-19 patients had agreed to become the donors of isoimmune blood plasma: "This is a new scientific direction for the RSPC of Transfusiology and Medical Biotechnologies. We will be developing a new method of treating the most severe cases of coronavirus infection with isoimmune plasma of the recovered patients".[48]
According to the Deputy Minister of Defense of Belarus, Sergei Potapenko, as of 11 April, preparations for the 9 May Victory Day Parade were continuing as planned: "As of now, everything is normal, a complex of antiepidemiologic and therapeutic measures is taking place, which assures the health of soldiers is on due level. So far, we have no problems with preparing for the parade".[49]
According to Alexander Lukashenko remarks from the 13 April official meeting, no people had died from COVID-19 per se in Belarus to date: "People are afraid. Thus, I want to tell them the following: not a single person had died from coronavirus in our country. Not a single one! They died from a bouquet of chronic diseases, which they had. [...] Coronavirus is not even a push, it is the atmosphere in which their chronic diseases develop." In his further remarks, Lukashenko addressed the currently hospitalized COVID-19 patients: "There's no reason for them to worry. No one will die from coronavirus in our country. I am stating this publicly".[50]
On 21 April, during his visit to the "Slavyanka" clothing factory re-purposed for the production of medical masks, Alexander Lukashenko criticized the protective measures taken in schools: "Utter nonsense. Children can not wear these masks, especially in schools. There was no such requirement. If there are those who required it, they will answer for it. It's better to open the window and let fresh air in." According to Lukashenko, wearing a mask, using ethanol-based antiseptics and keeping social distance in schools was a "fraud" (Russian: очковтирательство).[51] Later that day Natalia Ejsmont, the Belarusian president's press-secretary, reported one of the members of the presidential hockey team had been diagnosed with COVID-19. According to Ejsmont, no self-isolation or remote working were planned for the president.[52]
On 25 April, a nation-wide Subbotnik (day of community service) took place in Belarus, reportedly involving as many as 2.3 million people.[53]
According to Alexander Lukashenko remarks from the 3 May official meeting, cancellation of the 9 May Victory Day Parade was impossible: "I have to say, we can not cancel the parade. Just can not. I've thought about it for a long time. This, of course, is an emotional, deeply ideological thing. We must understand, those people died, perhaps, from viruses and other diseases. But they didn't feel it sometimes and didn't think about it. And they died for us, as pathetic as it may sound. Think about what people would say, perhaps, after a day or two, [...] that we were afraid". According to Lukashenko, however, there was no need to force people to participate: "If people don't want it, are afraid and care about their health, we will understand that. We have enough volunteers today - thousands and thousands of people want this event to happen". In his further commentary, Alexander Lukashenko expressed scepticism towards the potential epidemiological danger of the parade and invited Russian officials to take part in it, emphasizing the openness of Belarus to its Russian "friends and brothers". Lukashenko also noted that, despite the absence of nation-wide restrictions, Belarusians had shown care for their health during the past May holidays: "[People] kind of spread-out. There were no gatherings".[54]
According to the 6 May Onliner.by publication, in preparation for the 9 May Victory Day Parade the Belarusian government initiated a recruiting campaign among university students (who were encouraged to participate in the parade in return for the academic and dormitory bonuses), members of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences and recovered COVID-19 patients.[55]
On 9 May, despite the WHO social distancing recommendations, the annual Victory Day military parade took place in Minsk, reportedly involving more than 15,000 spectators and 4,000 military personnel. The ambassadors of 18 countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Hungary, Venezuela, Vietnam, Iran, North Korea, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Palestine, Russia, Slovakia, Turkey, Tajikistan, the UAE and Serbia) attended, as well as the chargés d'affaires of Sudan, Libya and Pakistan, and the Permanent Representative of Russia to the CIS, Andrei Grozov. During his speech as the commander-in-chief, Alexander Lukashenko emphasized the importance of the Victory Day to Belarusians and addressed the critics of the parade: "In this mad disoriented world, there are people who are blaming us for the circumstances we are hosting this sacred event in. [...] Do not jump to conclusions and blame us, the heirs of the Victory, Belarusians. [...] We simply couldn't do it differently, we had no other choice. And even if we had one, we would have done everything the same. The eyes of the dead soldiers look at us, the eyes of the tortured partisans and underground fighters [...] They wanted to live but died for us".[56][57][58][59][60]
According to Alexander Lukashenko remarks from the 21 May official meeting, COVID-19 incidence in Belarus had reached plateau and was beginning to decline in Minsk and Vitebsk: "[In Vitebsk] we are on plateau now and we see that it is declining. Minsk, Vitebsk – especially Vitebsk – had faced this problem much earlier and are now beginning to recover. [...] Happily, we do not see any growth in Minsk now. This is good". It was further noted by Lukashenko that the death statistics remained the most important success indicator of a country's response to the pandemic: "In the end, there is only one indicator - death toll. And the fact that by this metric we are the best in the world is challenged by no one. No one!".[61]
On 11 June, the 14-days self-quarantine requirement issued on 9 April was lifted from persons entering Belarus from 37 countries.[62] Since 11 June, all foreign citizens entering Belarus must provide a PCR-based COVID-19 test certificate acquired no longer than 2 days prior to entering the country.[63] On 25 June, persons entering Belarus from 14 more countries[64] became exempt from the self-quarantine requirement.[65] On 9 July, the list was extended by 12[66] countries.[67] On 15 July, Russia was excluded from the list.[68] On 4 August, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, Tanzania and Sri Lanka were excluded from the list.[69] On 10 September, Uzbekistan was excluded from the list, and the exclusions of Spain, Montenegro, Israel, Andorra and Malta were reverted due to increasing numbers of new infections.[70]
On 17 June, by a governmental decree, COVID-19 was included in the list of diseases giving patients a right to free medication and medical food.[71]
According to the 16 July remarks by the Belarusian culture minister, Yuri Bondar, despite organizational problems, no programme shortening was planned for the 2020 Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk. According to Bondar, it was about time Belarusians "woke up from the pandemic hibernation" and "forgot about the spring situation". It was further noted by Bondar that "normal people do not wear masks" and that a facial mask is a "microbial hotbed".[72]
On 22 July, the Chairwoman of the Central Election Commission of Belarus, Lidia Yermoshina, announced an epidemiologically motivated limitation on the number of observers on the upcoming presidential elections: "I understand it will be an unpopular decision, but I suggest a reduction of the amount of observers for the duration of this electoral campaign: up to five people on the election day, [...] and up to three during early voting".[73]
On 28 July, during an official meeting with military personnel, Alexander Lukashenko stated he had recovered from asymptomatic COVID-19 infection: "Such was the medical conclusion. [...] As I said, 97% of our population experience it in asymptomatic form. Thank God I was lucky to be in the cohort of asymptomatic".[74] In a 5 August interview with Ukrainian journalist Dmitry Gordon, Lukashenko stated the circumstances of his infection were investigated, and that he was leaning towards the version of deliberate contagion.[75]
On 7 August, in a meeting with medical workers and the Belarusian minister of health, Vladimir Karanik, Alexander Lukashenko expressed his willingness to become a donor of blood for the Belarusian opposition politicians: "Since I have recovered from that [COVID-19], you know what I have thought about? [...] I will be donating my blood, and you will take that plasma and inject all the oppositionists with it. This is the easiest way of turning them towards the state and towards me. Thus, I am stating this publicly: all the oppositioners should get a drop of [that] blood. They will not refuse it once they are in the intensive care unit, you know this". It was further noted by Lukashenko that the remark was a "semi-joke, semi-truth".[76]
On 28 September, it was reported that the first batch of the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine was delivered to Belarus for clinical trials beginning on 1 October. According to the Belarusian Ministry of Health, the trials were to be double blind and to be performed on 100 volunteers with the employment of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology.[77]
On 7 October, a new set of classification criteria for first- and second-level contact status was released by the Belarusian Ministry of Health, defining the first-level contacts as individuals who had a close contact (i.e. 15 minutes at a less than 1 meter distance without the means of individual protection) with a diagnosed COVID-19 patient 4 days prior and 10 days after either the emergence of symptoms in the latter, or a laboratory diagnosis confirmation in case of an asymptomatic infection course. Under the same set of rules, the status of second-level contact was restricted to children under 10 years of age.[78]
On 8 October, a 4 days reduction in the duration of the mandatory 14-days self-isolation requirement issued on 9 April was announced by the Ministry of Health. According to Dmitry Pinevich, the Acting Minister of Health, the reduction was based on experience of Belarusian medics showing that usually the virus "reveals itself" no longer than 7 days after contagion.[79]
On 1 November, Belarusian borders were closed for foreign citizens, with the exception of diplomats, persons entering Belarus through the Minsk National Airport, Russian citizens transiting Belarus on their way to Russia and a number of other categories of people related to transportation of goods, mail, organ transplants, functioning of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.[80]
On 5 November, Mogilev became the first city in Belarus to introduce compulsory use of facial masks in public places.[81]
On 9 November, compulsory use of facial masks was introduced in Gomel Region.[82]
According to the 11 November Ministry of Health decree, PCR-based tests were no longer conducted for first-level contacts with an asymptomatic infection course.[83]
On 12 November, compulsory use of facial masks was introduced in Minsk. As of date, besides Minsk, Gomel Region and Mogilev, such measure was reported to had been employed in Babruisk, Asipovichy, Klichev, Krichev, Chavusy District, Cherykaw District, Polotsk District and Novopolotsk.[84]
On 16 November, compulsory use of facial masks was introduced in Vitebsk Region.[85]
On 18 November, compulsory use of facial masks was introduced in Brest Region.[86]
On 7 December, an epidemiologically motivated partial closure of Belarusian borders was announced in the governmental decree No.705, according to which, since 21 December, Belarusian citizens and residents of Belarus were to be temporarily prohibited from leaving Belarus via land, except for a limited number of cases and not more than once per 6 months. Duration of the prohibition was not specified in the document.[87]
On 21 December, the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine was officially registered in Belarus, with the first batch expected to be delivered to Belarus from Russia within a month. Reportedly, medical workers, teachers and retail workers were to be the first social groups to receive the vaccine free of charge.[88]
On 29 December, the first batch of the Sputnik V vaccine was delivered to Belarus, and beginning of mass vaccination was officially announced by the Ministry of Health.[89]
2021
editOn 26 February, the first test batch of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine was locally produced by the Belmedpreparaty Belarusian pharmaceutical company via technology provided by Russia.[90]
On 11 March, it was reported by the Ministry of Health that the first cases of the more transmissible British SARS-CoV-2 variant were registered in Belarus.[91]
On 18 May, it was reported by the Ministry of Health that, as of date, more than 261,000 people in Belarus underwent full vaccination course and more than 367,000 people received the first dose of a vaccine.[92] Also, 300,000 doses of a two-dose Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine were delivered to Belarus from China as a humanitarian aid.[93]
On 23 June, first cases of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant were officially reported to had been registered in Minsk. According to the Belarusian Ministry of Health, the variant was not detected in other regions of the country as of date.[94]
On 1 July, a presidential decree permitting visa-free entry and stay in Belarus for up to 5 days for foreign individuals willing to get vaccinated in the country on a paid basis was signed by Alexander Lukashenko.[95]
On 14 July, a 3 days reduction in duration of the 10-days mandatory self-isolation for first-level contacts was introduced by the Belarusian government.[96]
On 1 September, the permitted frequency of travel via land borders introduced by the 7 December 2020, decree No.705 was increased from once in 6 to once in 3 months.[97]
On 3 September, the first batch (250,000 doses) of the Russian Sputnik Light single-dose COVID-19 vaccine was delivered to Belarus from Russia.[98] Also, according to the 3 September remarks by the Speaker of the Council of the Republic of Belarus, Natalya Kochanova, the vaccination efficacy statistics in Minsk to date was the following: 0.09% of people developed COVID-19 after receiving the first dose of the vaccine, and 0.11% of people developed COVID-19 after receiving the second one.[99]
On 5 September, 1,500,000 doses of the Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine were delivered to Belarus from China, including 500,000 doses as a humanitarian aid.[100]
On 9 October, facial masks and social distancing in public places were mandated by the Ministry of Health for the whole territory of Belarus.[101]
On 20 October, the 9 October country-wide facial masks mandate was lifted by the Belarusian Ministry of Health.[102] According to Deutsche Welle, that was potentially intended to act as a countermeasure to the Belarusian opposition's flash mob asking people to wear masks in public places as a part of the anti-Lukashanko protests.[103] The following crackdown on facial masks usage involved widespread removal of social advertisement promoting employment of self-protection equipment in public transport, stores and cafes.[104][105]
On 23 October, it was reported that the prototype of the indigenous inactivated COVID-19 vaccine against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants was at the stage of "transfer to production".[106]
On 24 October, it was reported by the Belarusian Ministry of Defense that deliveries of oxygen from the military installations with oxygen production equipment to hospitals had been established in Belarus.[107] Also, according to the Deputy Minister of Health of Belarus, Alexander Tarasenko, first cases of the SARS-CoV-2 "Delta Light" (Russian: Дельта Лайт) variant were registered in Belarus in September, which, reportedly, did not show any difference with the original Delta variant.[108] According to Nasha Niva, the "Delta Light" identification was a local substitute for the internationally recognized "Delta Plus" AY4.2 one.[109]
On 11 November, another batch of 1,500,000 doses of the Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine was delivered to Belarus from China, including 500,000 doses as a humanitarian aid.[110]
On 16 December, the CoviVac inactivated COVID-19 vaccine was approved for use in Belarus by the Belarusian Ministry of Health. Reportedly, as of date, more than 300,000 doses of the vaccine were distributed to all regions of Belarus. Also, it was clarified by the Ministry of Health that the latest surge in the numbers of fully vaccinated people was caused by employment of the single-dose Sputnik Light COVID-19 vaccine.[111][112]
On 21 December, the 10-days self-isolation requirement was lifted from first- and second-level contacts, as well as the tourists from countries with active COVID-19 cases. Also, it was announced by the Ministry of Health of Belarus, that the vaccination campaign for children from 12 years of age and older was planned to be initiated on 27 December. Reportedly, only the Chinese Vero Cell vaccine was to be employed in the vaccination of children.[113]
On 23 December, it was reported that the first test batches of the Sputnik V and Sputnik Light COVID-19 vaccines were produced by the Belarusian Belmedpreparaty pharmaceutical company through the full vaccine production cycle, and were to be sent to the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology for quality control procedures.[114]
On 29 December, the Belarusian Ministry of Health announced detection of the first four cases of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Reportedly, all of the infected persons were not vaccinated and reported mild symptoms of COVID-19.[115][116]
2022
editOn 3 January, the Ministry of Health of Belarus reported that children in the 12 to 17 years old age group were planned to be the first ones to undergo vaccination against COVID-19, since they accounted for more than 41% of total COVID-19 cases in children. Also, it was reported that, as of date, more than 1,900 12 to 17 years old children had received the first dose of the vaccine.[117]
On 21 January, a batch of 3 million doses of the Chinese inactivated Vero Cell vaccine, as well as 1.5 million of syringes, were delivered to Belarus from China. According to the Belarusian Ministry of Health officials, the syringes and the 1.5 million doses of the vaccine were a Chinese humanitarian aid.[118]
Suspected statistics falsification
editAccording to the 11 May 2020, report from the Nexta Telegram media, with reference to "documents from the Presidential Administration of Belarus", daily gain of more than a thousand COVID-19 cases had been reached "a couple of days ago", while the total number of COVID-19 cases in Belarus was as high as 26,348, with 166 COVID-19 patients requiring assisted ventilation. According to Nexta, the actual daily gain of COVID-19 cases in the 8–11 May period was as follows:[119]
8 May - +1251 9 May - +1271 10 May - +1183 11 May - +1242
On 13 May 2020, Nexta reported a total of 27,717 COVID-19 cases and a daily gain of 1,369.[119][120]
According to the statistics presented during the 22 May 2020, webinar of the Belarusian Society of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists, in April, 2020, mortality rate among intensive therapy COVID-19 patients in Minsk alone accounted to 27%, or 117 patients in absolute numbers, contradictory to the 1 May official Ministry of Health report pointing to a total (i.e. in Belarus as a whole) of 93 deaths of COVID-19 patients. In a further official clarification by the Ministry of Health, it was noted that the death rate presented during the webinar reflected the data on all the patients of "pulmonological profile" and included both confirmed COVID-19 patients and patients with "other pneumonia etiologies", contradictory to the slides of the webinar presentation mentioning the COVID-19 patients exclusively. The recording of the webinar was subsequently removed from YouTube.[121][122]
According to intensive care unit personnel of the 1st Minsk Clinical Hospital, 3-4 deaths of likely coronavirus-positive patients were registered there on some days, while the official daily deaths statistics for these days did not exceed 5 deaths for Belarus as a whole.[123]
According to the 22 July 2020 remark by Lidia Yermoshina (with reference to the Ministry of Health data), as of date, around 41,000 people were either hospitalized or undergoing ambulatory COVID-19 treatment, or were in the status of first-level contact, contrary to the official statistics pointing to a total of 6,947 active cases. In a further clarification by the Ministry of Health, it was noted that the named number represented the number of people under "all types of medical observation", including active COVID-19 cases, first- and second-level contacts and the currently quarantined individuals. According to the Ministry of Health's own guidelines, however, the second-level contacts were exempt from the self-quarantine requirement and were not a subject to observation.[124]
Statistical analysis of the official Belarusian COVID-19 daily infection numbers suggested the presence of an artificial limit of 1,000 cases per day.[125]
According to the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) data[126] on monthly deaths in Belarus, in April–June 2020, the total number of deaths exceeded the average figure for the last 5 years by about 5,500, while the average figure for the January–April period did not show a notable difference with the previous years. According to Nasha Niva, such statistical anomalies have never been observed since the beginning of the UNSD operation in 1980 and could point to the actual COVID-19 deaths statistics in Belarus.[127]
In a 7 September 2020 interview to TV Rain, Alexander Mrochek, cardiologist and academician of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences, suggested that COVID-19 deaths in Belarus were presented as deaths from cardiovascular diseases in the official mortality statistics: "Cardiovascular diseases comprise 58% of the mortality statistics in Belarus, significantly exceeding such rates in the neighbouring countries. My suggestion, and I have certain facts supporting it, [...] is that the arteriosclerotic heart disease diagnosis [was written in a death certificate], with no regards to a patient dying from respiratory failure caused by the COVID-19 infection". According to Mrochek, Vladimir Karanik, the former minister of health, was personally responsible for the falsification.[128]
On 9 November 2020, in an interview to BelTA, it was noted by Igor Petrhishenko, Deputy Prime Minister of Belarus, that, according to preliminary data, 15-20% of the Belarusian population possessed herd immunity to COVID-19, contradictory to the official 9 November Ministry of Health report pointing to a total of 108,000 confirmed cases.[129]
According to the mortality statistics published by the Mogilev civil registry, in January–November, 2020, the total number of deaths for the given time period (4,375) exceeded the total number of deaths for whole previous year by 609, while the Mogilev mortality statistics for the previous 5 years lacked similar death spikes and stayed at a mark of approximately 3,800 people. The statistics also showed that in November, 2020, there were almost twice as many deaths in Mogilev than in November, 2019. The statistics was subsequently removed from the registry's website.[130][131]
Indirect calculations based on official National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus data (indicators "commodity turnover per capita" and "commodity turnover") suggested that the average annual population in 2020 decreased by 47.8 thousand people. With a decrease in the average annual population in 2018 by 14,7 thousand people and in 2019 by 17,8 thousand people, excess mortality in 2020 could be totalled about 30,000 people.[132]
On March 24, 2021, Alyaksei Znatkevich of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty published an article based on a survey of several doctors, which provided evidence of falsification of statistics up to 7 times. For example, in 2020, 16,309 cases of COVID-19 were officially registered in Babruysk and Babruysk District. This is 6,998 cases of infection per 100,000 inhabitants. About 7% of the population of the district had this disease, while the average domestic data of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus for the same period showed that only about 2% of the population of Belarus were infected with COVID-19. From February 28, 2020, to February 28, 2021, more than 360 people died in Babruysk and the district. If these figures are extrapolated to the entire country, the total death toll is going to be about 16,000, and as of February 28, 2021, the Ministry of Health reported that just 1,976 people had died from COVID-19. The interviewed doctor of the 1st hospital in Minsk also reported a strange ratio of deaths: "Only in our hospital, 3–5 people died from COVID-19 every day in covid-departments. At the same time, 7, 8 or 9 deaths from coronavirus were officially registered in the country at that time." Also, according to one of the doctors of Minsk polyclinics, physicians were limited in the number of tests: out of 30–40 patients whom the doctor examined during the day, usually a half had a suspicion of COVID-19, but a maximum of 10 could be sent for testing; out of 5–7 people whom the doctor sent daily, almost all of them had the disease confirmed. He added that at a time when it was being officially announced about 7–8 deaths per day across the country, his colleagues from Minsk hospitals informed him about 3–5 deaths in each. The Ministry of Health has not commented on the article.[133]
According to the Minsk civil registries and health care institutions statistics obtained by MediaZona, in 2020, excess mortality in Minsk alone comprised approximately 5,000 deaths, or 29% increase in comparison with the average for the previous 5 years, and the number of newly registered COVID-19 cases in Minsk in the 5 July-29 November period was reported in the internal documentation as more than 101,000, while the official statistics for the same period pointed to a total of 88,753 confirmed COVID-19 cases in the whole country. According to MediaZona, the civil registries deaths statistics showed that, in December 2020, on average, about 15 deaths from COVID-19 were registered in Minsk daily, and, on 17 December, there was a peak of 27 deaths, while only 9 deaths were officially reported on that day. The age distribution in deaths registered in Minsk showed that, in 2020, there was a 30,45% and 27,7% increase in deaths of people aged 60–69 and 70+, respectively, in comparison with the previous years.[134][135]
According to the Gomel Region media resource "Flaghshtok" citing a relative of a deceased COVID-19 patient, as of July, 2021, around 60 intensive care unit COVID-19 patients were buried in Gomel daily by a single burial services company. It was also reported that the death certificate of the mentioned patient indicated "heart failure" as the main cause of death and had no mention of COVID-19 despite the patients' medical history.[136]
According to the data obtained by the Cyber Partisans hacker group via the Ministry of Internal Affairs' passport database, excess mortality in Belarus in the March, 2020, to March, 2021, period comprised more than 32,000 deaths (14 times the Ministry of Public Health of the Republic of Belarus reported for the same period), with approximately 25,000 deaths having had happened during 2020.[137] Dmitry Kobak of the University of Tübingen and Andrei Eliseev of the EAST Center, who were approached by Current Time TV, confirmed the high probability of underreporting the excess COVID-19 death toll in the figures by about the same proportion, while both ministries have ignored the channel's requests to comment on the information.[137]
According to the interview given to BBC News Russian by Nadzezhda Germanchuk, a former medical examiner at the State Forensic Committee of Belarus, since January, 2021, microscopic probing of corpses for COVID-19 as a possible cause of death was unofficially prohibited at all of the committee's departments in Minsk. According to Germanchuk, since macroscopic signs of COVID-19 observed during autopsies alone were not sufficient for definitive diagnoses, such deaths were neither accounted for in the official deaths statistics, nor presented as deaths from COVID-19 to the relatives of the deceased, which also led to the medical examiners not receiving salary bonuses for working with infectious corpses.[138]
Censorship and repression
edit
On 30 April 2020, the head physician of the Vitebsk Clinical Emergency Hospital, Sergey Lazar, was relieved of his position shortly after the publication of his interview with TUT.BY, where he criticized the counter-pandemic measures taken by the government and mentioned the shortage of medical protective equipment.[139][140] According to the press-secretary of the Ministry of Health, Yulia Borodun, Sergey Lazar's dismissal was not related to the publication.[140]
On 25 March 2020, Sergei Satsuk, the chief editor of the Yezhednevhik online newspaper, was arrested on a charge of bribe-taking, three days after the publication of his article with critique of the Belarusian government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[141]
On 11 May 2020, two Youth Bloc (Russian: Молодёжный Блок) activists were sentenced to 5 and 13 days of administrative detention for participation in the protest against hosting the annual 9 May Victory Day Parade amid the pandemic. On that same day, another Youth Bloc activist was detained inside the court building while awaiting the beginning of the trial on his associates.[142]
Against the backdrop of loose anti-pandemic measures taken by the state, since Summer 2020, the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus stopped providing seasonable statistics on mortality.[143] Before 2021, it has produced the yearly data reports with various statistics, including statistics on mortality.[143] The 2020 year report was issued in April 2021 but without statistics on mortality, while the supplementary bulletin on natural movement of the population was not released either.[144] Being asked by European Radio for Belarus in April and May 2021, the government-run institution declined to specify the reason of omitting such information.[143][144] According to Novy Chas and European Radio for Belarus, it was simply done to preclude the possibility to count up the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19.[145][144]
COVID-19 as a means of torture
editDuring the 2020 Belarusian protests, cases of deliberate infection with COVID-19 and subsequent denial of medical help by the staff of Belarusian prisons were reported by released protesters.[146]
Economic impact
editOn 30 March 2020, Belarus and International Monetary Fund (IMF) started negotiations on a $900 million loan intended to compensate the economic losses from the COVID-19 pandemic.[147] On 19 June 2020, Alexander Lukashenko stated the IMF was demanding imposition of lockdown measures as a condition for loans, but the demands were declined by Minsk.[148] On 10 September, Belarus was refused the loan due to "significant disagreements on the reacting measures to current difficulties".[149]
According to the National Bank of Belarus data, inflation in March accelerated and accounted to 4.9%, 0.85% higher than in February.[150]
In 2020, Belarus was the only country in Europe whose association football league continued playing as planned in late March amid the pandemic. In most countries around the world, sports were cancelled to mitigate the spread of the virus.[151][152] Economists James Reade, Dominik Schreyer, and Carl Singleton observe that stadium attendance demand in Belarus declined significantly in the initial period of maximum uncertainty. Surprisingly, stadium attendance demand then slowly recovered, despite the ongoing inherent risk to individuals from going to a match.[153]
On 10 April 2020, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) issued a $1.3 million financial aid for Belarus to help counter the COVID-19 pandemic.[154]
On 25 April 2020, it was reported the agreement on a €90 million loan was reached between Belarus and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).[155] On 23 July, the agreement was approved by the presidential decree No.292.[156]
According to the 27 April 2020 remarks by Dmitry Krutoy, the First Deputy Prime Minister of Belarus, a total of $2–2.5 billion of external loans were planned to be used as support for the Belarusian economy: "Speaking of negotiations with IMF, our quota allows for approximately $900 million, the World Bank - approximately $300 million, the European Investment Bank - approximately $300 million, as well. That is, in total we will be able to attract $2-2.5 billion from our creditors. These will be very good numbers". According to Krutoy, healthcare system support and counter-unemployment measures were the main focus of the Belarusian government amid the pandemic crisis.[157]
WHO assessment and recommendations
editOn 11 April 2020, during a press-conference concluding a three-day WHO inspection, the leader of the WHO mission in Belarus, Patrick O'Connor, noted the "systematic approach", presence of the testing laboratories, patient segregation (as a means of stopping the spread of the infection in hospitals) and the quickly organized domestic production of the protective equipment for medics as positives of the Belarusian response to the pandemic. The WHO recommendations included physical distancing (cancelling of the sports and cultural events, implementation of remote education and minimization of the nonessential movements for the high-risk groups of people), improvements of the testing process and isolation of the first- and second-level contacts. According to O'Connor, Belarus was stepping in a new phase of the pandemic with the transmission of the disease occurring on the "community level".[158]
On 21 April 2020, a new set of recommendations for Belarus was published by the WHO, which included increase in social distancing, quarantining of the contacts of the confirmed COVID-19 patients, implementation of the remote education for schools and universities, reducing nonessential movements for the high-risk groups of people, repurposing of the private and public sector for the production of protective equipment for health-care workers, government commitment to implement the containing and mitigation measures, clear, transparent and regular communication of the risks, health advice and response measures by the government and continuation of the socioeconomic support for the vulnerable groups of people.[159]
On 28 April 2020, the United Nations Resident Coordinator in Belarus, Joanna Kazana-Wisniowiecki, emphasized the importance of complying with the WHO recommendations in her video address to the nation and characterized the current state of the pandemic in the country as "sustained and pervasive local transmission", reiterating the previous WHO assessment.[160] On that same day, in a WHO report, the current epidemiological situation in Belarus was labeled as "concerning" and requiring "the immediate implementation of a comprehensive blended strategy", involving a variety of physical distancing measures, as well as expansion of testing capacity, improvements in QA for the locally produced COVID-19 test kits and implementation of standardized screening procedures at international entry points.[161]
On 6 May 2020, the representative of the WHO in Belarus, Batyr Berdyklychev, expressed concern about Belarusian government's decision on hosting the 9 May Victory Day Parade amid the pandemic: "Our concern is about the impossibility of social distancing measures implementation during this event. [...] In relation to all events involving mass gatherings of people, we [WHO] have straightforward recommendations. If there is no urgent need, they should be postponed or cancelled".[162]
According to the 12 June 2020 Batyr Berdyklychev remarks from his interview with TuT.by, as of date, Belarus was still in the "local transmission" stage: "Belarus is still in the stage of local transmission of the virus, which is quite serious".[163]
Additional statistics
edit
New cases per day
editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Recoveries per day
editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Deaths per day
editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Active cases
editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Tests per day
editNote: the source values are rounded to the floor thousand.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Tests positivity rate
editNote: based on the tests data from the chart above.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Belarus - COVID-19 Overview". Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Belarus announces first case of coronavirus: TASS". Reuters. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ "Belarus: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ Elsevier. "Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Reynolds, Matt (4 March 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus". Imperial News. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "High consequence infectious diseases (HCID); Guidance and information about high consequence infectious diseases and their management in England". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "World Federation Of Societies of Anaesthesiologists – Coronavirus". wfsahq.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 1918 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1359". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 1 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 3634 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 3296". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 4990 пациентов с COVID-19, выписан 4581". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 3 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 7350 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1114". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 4 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрирован 8231 пациент с COVID-19, выписаны 1248". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 5 February 2022. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 8315 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1477". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 5869 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 440". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 7 February 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 5674 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 469". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 8 February 2022. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 8254 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 239". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 8463 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 1558". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 8611 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1444". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 8783 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 1555". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 12 February 2022. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрирован 8921 пациент с COVID-19, выписаны 2043". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 13 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 6605 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 413". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 14 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 5146 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 540". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 15 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 7919 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1978". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 8248 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1693". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 8194 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 1629". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 7856 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1513". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 7283 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 1980". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 20 February 2022. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 4365 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 544". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 2507 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 514". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 6230 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1809". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 5996 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1636". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 5663 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 1476". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 5663 пациента с COVID-19, выписаны 1476". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 4135 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 1692". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "За сутки в Беларуси зарегистрированы 2268 пациентов с COVID-19, выписаны 393". Belarusian Telegraph Agency (in Russian). 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Belarusian Leader Proposes 'Tractor' Therapy For Coronavirus". The Moscow Times. Agence France-Presse. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ Gleeson, Scott (31 March 2020). "Belarus president plays hockey, says global coronavirus measures are result of 'psychosis'". USA Today. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ "Лукашенко: "Хоккей — лучшее антивирусное лекарство!"". onliner.by (in Russian). 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ "Post-Soviet strongmen prescribe vodka, hockey and folk medicine against coronavirus". CNN. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ "О мерах по предотвращению завоза и распространения инфекции, вызванной коронавирусом COVID-19". government.by (in Russian). 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "В Беларуси 152 случая коронавируса, выздоровели 47 человек". tut.by (in Russian). 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Почему информация о распространении коронавируса в Беларуси должна быть максимально открытой. Обращение редакции TUT.BY". tut.by (in Russian). 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Весенние каникулы у школьников будут продлены на одну неделю — до 13 апреля". tut.by (in Russian). 4 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Школьные каникулы продлили еще на неделю — до 20 апреля". tut.by (in Russian). 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ "Власти пояснили, кого отправят на самоизоляцию. Нарушителям грозит штраф и ответственность, вплоть до уголовной". tut.by (in Russian). 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ "Макей о том, отменят ли парад 9 Мая, почему ему стыдно носить маску и что не так с жестким карантином". tut.by (in Russian). 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ "8—10% тестов на СOVID-19 дают положительный результат. Минздрав: "Нужно быть готовыми, что количество будет увеличиваться"". Onliner.by (in Russian). 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ "Минобороны об отмене парада 9 мая и весеннего призыва: Пока не рассматриваем, в плановом порядке все идет". tut.by (in Russian). 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ "Лукашенко: "Мы уже нашли комбинации лекарств, чтобы спасать людей"". Onliner.by (in Russian). 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Лукашенко про маски в школах: глупость несусветная, министерство и губернаторы за это ответят". Onliner.by (in Russian). 21 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "Лукашенко не будет уходить на самоизоляцию, несмотря на подтвержденный случай COVID-19 в его хоккейной команде". Onliner.by (in Russian). 21 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "В Беларуси на фоне эпидемии коронавируса прошел субботник". Onliner.by (in Russian). 25 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ "Лукашенко: Мы не можем отменить парад. Просто не можем". tut.by (in Russian). 3 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ ""Можно будет выбрать комнату в общаге". Белорусов упорно "не тащат" на парад". Onliner.by (in Russian). 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "Парад во время пандемии. В Минске празднуют День Победы". Onliner.by (in Russian). 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ ""В этом обезумевшем мире найдутся осуждающие нас". В Минске прошел парад к 75-летию Победы". tut.by (in Russian). 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "На парад Победы в центр Минска придут 18 иностранных послов. Среди них — КНДР, Таджикистан, Китай". tut.by (in Russian). 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "В Минске на парад пришло более 15 000 человек. Это много или мало?". Onliner.by (in Russian). 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ Andrei Makhovsky (9 May 2020). "Shunning virus lockdown, defiant Belarus stages Victory Day parade". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "Лукашенко о коронавирусе: Мы вышли на плато и видим, что пошли на спад". tut.by (in Russian). 21 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Austria, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Croatia, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, China
- ^ "В Беларуси отменили 14-дневный карантин из-за COVID-19 после посещения многих европейских стран" (in Russian). tut.by. 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ Australia, Egypt, Israel, Georgia, Canada, Netherlands, United Kingdom, UAE, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Singapore, USA, Turkey, Japan
- ^ "Минздрав Беларуси одобрил еще 14 стран, по прибытии из которых не придется сидеть в изоляции". Onliner.by (in Russian). 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ Algeria, Andorra, Vietnam, Cyprus, Cuba, Lebanon, Mauritius, Malaysia, New Zealand, San Marino, Thailand, Tunisia
- ^ "Сокращен список стран, вернувшись из которых нужно уйти на карантин. Но Россию и Украину не исключили" (in Russian). tut.by. 9 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ "Приезжающие из России больше не должны отбывать самоизоляцию" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ "Обновление перечня стран, в которых регистрируются случаи инфекции COVID-19". minzdrav.gov.by (in Russian). 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ "Минздрав включил Черногорию, Испанию и Израиль в список стран, по приезде из которых нужен карантин" (in Russian). tut.by. 10 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "Заболевшие COVID-19 получили право на бесплатные лекарства и лечебное питание" (in Russian). tut.by. 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ^ "Министр культуры перед открытием "Славянского базара": Пора выходить из пандемической спячки" (in Russian). tut.by. 16 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ "Количество наблюдателей на участках уменьшат "из-за сложной эпидемиологической обстановки"" (in Russian). tut.by. 22 July 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ "Александр Лукашенко заявил, что переболел COVID-19" (in Russian). tut.by. 28 July 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ ""Коронавирус мне подкинули": болезнь Лукашенко расследуют в Минске" (in Russian). Gazeta.Ru. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Лукашенко — Каранику: "Буду сдавать кровь, ты возьми эту плазму, введи всем оппозиционерам по капле"" (in Russian). tut.by. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Российской вакциной от коронавируса начнут прививать добровольцев в Беларуси уже на этой неделе" (in Russian). tut.by. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ "Минздрав уточнил, кто считается контактом при COVID-19. Что изменилось?" (in Russian). tut.by. 7 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ "Сроки изоляции для прибывающих из-за границы и контактов первого уровня по COVID-19 сократят до 10 дней" (in Russian). BelTA. 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ "Беларусь закрывает границу для въезда иностранцев с 1 ноября. ГПК разъяснил, кто сможет попасть в страну" (in Russian). tut.by. 31 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- ^ "В Могилеве ввели масочный режим. Где ходить в масках обязательно" (in Russian). tut.by. 6 November 2020. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Гомельская область первая в стране полностью ввела обязательный масочный режим" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 9 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ "Новый приказ Минздрава: контактам 1-го уровня сделают тест на коронавирус, только если есть симптомы. А больничный?" (in Russian). tut.by. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
- ^ "В Минске введен обязательный масочный режим. Как это будет работать" (in Russian). tut.by. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ "Масочный режим ввели по всей Витебской области" (in Russian). tut.by. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ "Масочный режим ввели по всей Брестской области" (in Russian). tut.by. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "Страна закрывается. Когда начнет действовать запрет на выезд, сколько он продлится и как часто можно летать" (in Russian). tut.by. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "В Беларуси зарегистрировали российскую вакцину от коронавируса. Кого и когда начнут прививать" (in Russian). tut.by. 21 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ "В Беларуси началась вакцинация от коронавируса" (in Russian). tut.by. 29 December 2020. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ "На "Белмедпрепаратах" сделали первые партии вакцины "Спутник V"" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ "В Беларусь пришел британский штамм коронавируса. Он более заразный" (in Russian). tut.by. 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ "В стране полностью вакцинированы более 261,7 тысячи человек. Статистика от Минздрава" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 18 May 2021. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "На аэродроме Мачулищи приземлился самолет с 300 тыс. китайских вакцин от COVID-19" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 18 May 2021. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "В Минске выявлен индийский штамм коронавируса" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ "Граждане 73 государств получили возможность без визы приехать в Беларусь для вакцинации от COVID-19" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 1 July 2021. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ "Совмин решил сократить самоизоляцию до 7 дней" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 15 July 2021. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ "Выезжать из Беларуси на работу и учебу разрешили чаще" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 3 September 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ "В Беларусь доставили однокомпонентную вакцину "Спутник Лайт". Прививать ею собираются на следующей неделе" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 3 September 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ "Кочанова: вакцинация от COVID-19 абсолютно положительно сказывается на эпидемиологической обстановке" (in Russian). Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya. 3 September 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ "Самолет из Пекина с 1,5 млн доз вакцины против COVID-19 прибыл в Беларусь" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 5 September 2021. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
- ^ "Масочный режим и соблюдение дистанции в общественных местах станут обязательными с 9 октября" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 8 October 2021. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ "Обязательное ношение масок отменено. Но Минздрав рекомендует" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
- ^ "Лукашенко против масок, потому что маски - символ протеста?" (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. 23 October 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Из автобусов и троллейбусов исчезли объявления про необходимость масок. Спросили у "Минсктранса" почему" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Очевидцы: в Минске избавляются от объявлений о ношении масок". news.myseldon.com (in Russian). 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Главный санитарный врач: отечественная вакцина скоро поступит в производство" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 23 October 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ "ВС Беларуси начали поставлять медицинский кислород учреждениям здравоохранения" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 24 October 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ "Новый штамм коронавируса зарегистрирован в Беларуси" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 24 October 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ "У Беларусі зафіксавалі новы штам кавіду. Вось што пра яго вядома" (in Belarusian). Nasha Niva. 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ "Военные доставили из Китая в Беларусь 1,5 млн доз вакцины против COVID-19" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 11 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ "Минздрав Беларуси одобрил еще одну российскую вакцину" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 16 December 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Полный курс вакцинации прошли 3,2 миллиона белорусов. Помог однокомпонентный "Спутник Лайт"" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 16 December 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Совмин отменил самоизоляцию для контактов всех уровней и приезжих. А Минздрав начинает вакцинировать детей" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ "В Беларуси выпустили опытные серии вакцин "Спутник V" и "Спутник Лайт" по полному циклу" (in Russian). 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ "Belarus recognized first 4 cases of omicron strain". Belsat TV. 29 December 2021. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "Минздрав: все инфицированные омикрон-штаммом минчане не были привиты" (in Russian). 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "Более 41% случаев COVID-19 у детей приходится на подростков 12-17 лет" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 3 January 2022. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Прибывшая из Пекина вакцина против COVID-19 будет предложена всем желающим" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Канал Nexta обвиняет Минздрав РБ в публикации цензурированных данных о коронавирусе" (in Russian). afn.by. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
- ^ "NEXTA". Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
- ^ "Туда включены не только случаи подтвержденной инфекции COVID-19". Минздрав прокомментировал данные о 117 умерших пациентах за апрель" (in Russian). Onliner.by. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ "В Сети появился слайд о том, сколько умерших было в "ковидных" реанимациях Минска. Объясняем, откуда эта цифра" (in Russian). tut.by. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ ""Признание проблемы спасло бы не одну жизнь". Врач честно рассказал о двух месяцах в реанимации с COVID-19" (in Russian). tut.by. 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ "Минздрав объяснил впечатляющие цифры по коронавирусу, которые озвучила Лидия Ермошина" (in Russian). tut.by. 22 July 2020. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ Roukema, Boudewijn F. (27 August 2021). "Anti-clustering in the national SARS-CoV-2 daily infection counts". PeerJ. 9: e11856. arXiv:2007.11779. Bibcode:2021PeerJ...911856R. doi:10.7717/peerj.11856. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8404575. PMID 34532156. Zenodo: 5262698.
- ^ Provided by the Belarusian officials.
- ^ "Белстат не апублікаваў статыстыку смяротнасці, але перадаў яе ў ААН. Яна шакуе" (in Belarusian). Nasha Niva. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ "Мрочек: В официальной статистике смерти от COVID-19 спрятали в "Болезни системы кровообращения"" (in Russian). tut.by. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ "Правительство о стратегии борьбы с COVID-19, испытании вакцины и коллективном иммунитете" (in Russian). BelTA. 9 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ "У Магілёве за лістапад памерла амаль у 2 разы больш людзей, чым у лістападзе 2019-га" (in Belarusian). Nasha Niva. 29 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ "У лістападзе 2020 у Магілёве памерла ў 1,8 разоў больш людзей, чым год таму" (in Belarusian). European Radio for Belarus. 29 December 2020. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ "В XXI веке скрыть правду невозможно: от коронавируса в 2020 году в Беларуси умерло около 30 тысяч человек?" (in Russian). Intex-Press. 10 March 2021. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ Знаткевіч, Аляксей (24 March 2021). "Раённая анамалія"? Лічбы памерлых ад COVID-19 у Беларусі могуць быць заніжаныя ў сем разоў". Радыё Свабода (in Belarusian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ "Закрыць усіх... І ўсё". Novy Chas (in Belarusian). 16 (724): 2. 23 April 2021.
- ^ "Минск ковидный. В 2020 году в столице от коронавируса умерло больше людей, чем официально по всей Беларуси - исследование Медиазоны" (in Russian). MediaZona. 19 April 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ "Гомельчанка похоронила отца и узнала, как скрывается информация о COVID-19" (in Russian). flagstok.info. 12 July 2021. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Избыточная смертность – 32 тысячи человек. Власти Беларуси многократно занижают статистику во время эпидемии коронавируса – данные утечки". Current Time TV (in Russian). 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ ""Резонансные" трупы, неблагонадежных врачей увольняют, остальными командует милиция. Что происходит с судмедэкспертизой в Беларуси" (in Russian). BBC News Russian. 17 November 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ "Репортаж из той самой витебской реанимации, которая первой приняла бой". tut.by (in Russian). 27 April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Главврача витебской БСМП уволили. Минздрав: связи с публикацией на TUT.BY нет". tut.by (in Russian). 3 May 2020. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Belarusian journalist arrested for criticizing president's Covid-19 approach". Reporters Without Borders. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ^ "Активисты "Молодежного блока" за акцию с гробом получили 18 суток административного ареста на двоих" (in Russian). Tut.by. 11 May 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "Белстат растлумачыў адсутнасць звестак па смяротнасці: "Не выйшлі і не выйшлі"" (in Belarusian). European Radio for Belarus. 2 April 2021. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ a b c "Белстат аб пераносе публікацыі дадзеных па смяротнасці: "Без каментароў"" (in Belarusian). European Radio for Belarus. 17 May 2021. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ Салаўёў, Сяргей (23 July 2021). "Калі маўчанне – не золата". Novy Chas (in Belarusian). 28 (736): 3.
Аднак, калі раней Белстат закрыў статыстыку па смяротнасці (відавочна, каб не было мажлівасці падлічыць рэальную смяротнасць ад covid-19), то цяпер закрытая і іншая статыстыка.
- ^ "Virus besets Belarus prisons filled with president's critics". Associated Press. 26 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "Беларусь просит у МВФ "быстрый" кредит на борьбу с последствиями глобального кризиса". tut.by (in Russian). 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Police break up new protests in Belarus as Lukashenko warns of foreign plot". Reuters. 19 June 2020. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
- ^ "МВФ отказал Беларуси в выделении 940 млн долларов для поддержки экономики в условиях пандемии" (in Russian). tut.by. 10 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "Нацбанк: ускорение инфляции в марте связано с пандемией и ослаблением белорусского рубля" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ Smith, Rory (24 March 2020). "All Alone, Belarus Plays On". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Wagner, James (14 April 2020). "Looking for a Full Sports Calendar? Try Nicaragua". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Reade, James; Schreyer, Dominik; Singleton, Carl (5 October 2020). "Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: early empirical evidence from Belarus". Applied Economics Letters. 28 (18): 1542–1547. doi:10.1080/13504851.2020.1830933.
- ^ "U.S. government allocates $1.3m to help Belarus fight coronavirus". Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ "Беларусь одолжит 90 млн евро у Всемирного банка". tut.by (in Russian). 25 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ "Лукашенко утвердил соглашение о займе в 90 млн евро от МБРР для реагирования на COVID-19" (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 23 July 2020. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ^ "Власти потратят до 6 млрд рублей на поддержку экономики при COVID-19". tut.by (in Russian). 27 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ ""Время готовиться к худшим сценариям". Миссия ВОЗ дала рекомендации Беларуси, как противостоять коронавирусу". tut.by (in Russian). 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "WHO expert mission to Belarus recommends physical distancing measures as COVID-19 virus transmits in the community". euro.who.int. 21 April 2020. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "Statement by Joanna Kazana-Wisniowiecki, the UN Resident Coordinator in Belarus". un.by. 28 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Technical mission of experts to the Republic of Belarus: 8–11 April 2020. Executive summary". euro.who.int. 28 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ "Представитель ВОЗ о параде 9 мая: рекомендации однозначные — отложить или отменить". Onliner.by (in Russian). 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "Глава бюро ВОЗ: Беларусь все еще в стадии локальной передачи вируса, это достаточно серьезно". tut.by (in Russian). 12 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
.svg){kind=small}
