1994–95 NASCAR SuperTruck Series exhibition races
In 1994 and early 1995, seven non-championship demonstration races for the newly-born NASCAR SuperTruck Series were held. The races were broadcast during coverage of the Winter Heat Series[1] and were held on tracks primarily based on the West Coast of the United States, featuring four to five trucks each.[2] The series helped begin the careers of future NASCAR drivers like Greg Biffle, Kurt Busch, Matt Crafton, and Ron Hornaday Jr.[3]
Another exhibition race was held at the Homestead Motorsports Complex at the end of the 1995 season called the NASCAR Supertruck 25, though not as a Winter Heat race.[4]
Supertruck Mesa Marin 20
editRace details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | July 30, 1994 | ||
Location | Mesa Marin Raceway, Bakersfield, California | ||
Course |
Permanent racing facility .5 mi (.8 km) | ||
Distance | 20 laps, 10 mi (16.09 km) | ||
Average speed | 81.818 mph (131.673 km/h) | ||
Pole position | |||
Driver | Bruce Huartson Race Team | ||
Most laps led | |||
Driver |
P. J. Jones Dave Ashley |
Vestar Motorsports Dick Landfield Enduro Racing | |
Laps | 7 | ||
Winner | |||
No. 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports |
The race was run as a support event to the NASCAR Featherlite Southwest Tour.[5]
Craig Huartson, a NASCAR AutoZone Elite Division, Southeast Series driver,[6] won the pole for the race with a lap speed of 91.227 miles per hour (146.816 km/h). After leading the first lap, he lost the lead to offroad racer Dave Ashley,[7] who led for seven laps before relinquishing it to Rob MacCachren. MacCachren would lead until lap 13, when P. J. Jones claimed first, and led for the remainder of the race, beating Gary Collins by 15 seconds.[8] Jones won the race in a Ford, though the team switched to Chevrolet for the next race after General Motors offered the team a technical package.[9]
Race results
editPos | Grid | Car | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps Run | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4 | 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports | Ford | 20 | 7 | |
2 | 5 | 12 | Gary Collins | Venable Racing | Ford | 20 | 0 | |
3 | 3 | 21 | Rob MacCachren | Venable Racing | Ford | 20 | 5 | |
4 | 1 | 8 | Craig Huartson | Bunce Huartson Race Team | Chevrolet | 20 | 1 | |
5 | 2 | 2 | Dave Ashley | Dick Lanfield Enduro Racing | Ford | 20 | 7 | |
Source:[8]
|
Supertruck Portland 20
editRace details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | August 19, 1994 | ||
Location | Portland Speedway, Portland, Oregon | ||
Course |
Permanent racing facility .5 mi (.8 km) | ||
Distance | 20 laps, 10 mi (16.09 km) | ||
Average speed | 81.818 mph (131.673 km/h) | ||
Pole position | |||
Driver | Bruce Huartson Race Team | ||
Most laps led | |||
Driver | Rob MacCachren | Venable Racing | |
Laps | 20 | ||
Winner | |||
No. 21 | Rob MacCachren | Venable Racing |
The race, run as an undercard to the NASCAR AutoZone Elite Division, Northwest Series, was sold out.[5][10]
After starting second, Rob MacCachren led all 20 laps of the race.[11]
Race results
editPos | Grid | Car | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps Run | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 21 | Rob MacCachren | Venable Racing | Ford | 20 | 20 | |
2 | 5 | 12 | Gary Collins | Venable Racing | Ford | 20 | 0 | |
3 | 6 | 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports | Ford | 20 | 0 | |
4 | 3 | 8 | Craig Huartson | Bunce Huartson Race Team | Chevrolet | 20 | 0 | |
5 | 1 | 2 | Dave Ashley | Dick Lanfield Enduro Racing | Ford | 20 | 0 | |
6 | 4 | 11 | Mike Hurlbert | RPM Racing | Ford | 20 | 0 | |
Source:[11]
|
Supertruck Saugus 20
editRace details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | September 10, 1994 | ||
Location | Saugus Speedway, Saugus, California | ||
Course |
Permanent racing facility .33 mi (.53 km) | ||
Distance | 20 laps, 6.7 mi (10.78 km) | ||
Average speed | 54.38 mph (87.52 km/h) | ||
Pole position | |||
Driver | Venable Racing | ||
Most laps led | |||
Driver | Gary Collins | Venable Racing | |
Laps | 15 | ||
Winner | |||
No. 12 | Gary Collins | Venable Racing |
The race, held as part of a Featherlite Southwest Tour race weekend,[7] featured a sellout crowd of 6,308.[12]
Gary Collins led the entire race. Originally scheduled for 20 laps, the race was cut by five laps after an incident on lap 14 and after the caution started to rain;[13] P. J. Jones, who was in second, backed his Ford into the wall between turns 3 and 4.[12] At the same time, it began raining at the track which led the race to be the first ever Truck series event shortened due to rain. As a result, the race ended under caution. Craig Huartson did not finish the race when his engine failed after completing four laps.[13]
Race results
editPos | Grid | Car | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps Run | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 12 | Gary Collins | Venable Racing | Ford | 15 | 15 | |
2 | 3 | 11 | Mike Hurlbert | RPM Racing | Ford | 15 | 0 | |
3 | 2 | 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports | Ford | 15 | 0 | |
4 | 4 | 8 | Craig Huartson | Bunce Huartson Race Team | Chevrolet | 4 | 0 | |
Source:[13]
|
Supertruck Tucson 20
editRace details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | September 24, 1994 | ||
Location | Tucson Raceway Park, Tucson, Arizona | ||
Course |
Permanent racing facility .375 mi (.604 km) | ||
Distance | 25 laps, 9.4 mi (15.13 km) | ||
Pole position | |||
Driver | Spears Motorsports | ||
Most laps led | |||
Driver | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Spears Motorsports | |
Laps | 14 | ||
Winner | |||
No. 75 | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Spears Motorsports |
Mike Hurlbert failed to start the race. After Gary Collins led the first lap, P. J. Jones, Ron Hornaday Jr. and Rick Carelli each led for one lap until Jones inherited the lead on lap 5. Craig Huartson led lap 6 before Jones reclaimed first, leading for three laps. Huartson retook the lead on lap 10, but relinquished it to Rob MacCachren on lap 11, who led two laps before Hornaday passed him for first. Hornaday led the final 13 laps to win the race.[14]
Race results
editPos | Grid | Car | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps Run | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 75 | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Spears Motorsports | Chevrolet | 25 | 14 | |
2 | 3 | 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports | Ford | 25 | 5 | |
3 | 2 | 12 | Gary Collins | Venable Racing | Ford | 25 | 1 | |
4 | 5 | 6 | Rick Carelli | Chesrown Racing | Chevrolet | 25 | 1 | |
5 | 4 | 8 | Craig Huartson | Bunce Huartson Race Team | Ford | 25 | 2 | |
6 | 6 | 21 | Rob MacCachren | Venable Racing | Ford | 25 | 2 | |
7 | 7 | 11 | Mike Hurlbert | RPM Racing | Chevrolet | 0 | 0 | |
Source:[14]
|
Supertruck Winter Heat 200 No. 1
editRace details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | November 20, 1994 | ||
Location | Tucson Raceway Park, Tucson, Arizona | ||
Course |
Permanent racing facility .375 mi (.604 km) | ||
Distance | 200 laps, 75 mi (120.7 km) | ||
Average speed | 74.324 mph (119.613 km/h) | ||
Pole position | |||
Driver | Chesrown Racing | ||
Most laps led | |||
Driver | Rick Carelli | Chesrown Racing | |
Laps | 107 | ||
Winner | |||
No. 6 | Rick Carelli | Chesrown Racing | |
Television in the United States | |||
Network | TNN |
The race, along with the next two, were broadcast nationally by The Nashville Network[15] as part of the Winter Heat program, an eight-week series featuring both the SuperTrucks and the Winston West Series.[16] Former San Francisco 49ers kicker Mike Cofer, who had won on the regional Southwest Tour, was initially scheduled to run the race but did not.[17]
Mike Skinner led the first 62 laps of the race; halfway through his run, a caution for debris was called on lap 32. Rick Carelli and Skinner traded the lead on laps 64 and 65 before the former led 79 straight laps. The No. 54 of Steve McEachern spun on the frontstretch on lap 86, bringing out the second caution of the day. On lap 137, T. J. Clark crashed in turn two to force a third caution. Shortly after the green flag wove on lap 143, Ron Hornaday Jr. took the lead, leading for 24 laps before relinquishing it to Carelli. The two battled for first until lap 176, when Carelli held on to the position for the final 25 laps to win.[18]
Dave Ashley failed to start the race. Off-road racer Robby Gordon suffered an engine failure on lap 53, while Mike Hurlbert and T. J. Clark had rear end and suspension problems on laps 86 and 127, respectively.[18]
Race results
editPos | Grid | Car | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps Run | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6 | 6 | Rick Carelli | Chesrown Racing | Chevrolet | 200 | 107 | |
2 | 8 | 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports | Ford | 200 | 0 | |
3 | 5 | 75 | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Spears Motorsports | Chevrolet | 200 | 30 | |
4 | 4 | 9 | Dirk Stephens | Butch Stevens | Chevrolet | 200 | 0 | |
5 | 3 | 18 | Johnny Benson | Roehrig Motorsports | Chevrolet | 199 | 0 | |
6 | 14 | 21 | Gary Collins | Venable Racing | Ford | 199 | 0 | |
7 | 9 | 38 | Sammy Swindell | Akins-Sutton Motorsports | Ford | 199 | 0 | |
8 | 1 | 3 | Mike Skinner | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 199 | 63 | |
9 | 2 | 8 | Craig Huartson | Bunce Huartson Race Team | Chevrolet | 198 | 0 | |
10 | 7 | 12 | Rob MacCachren | Venable Racing | Ford | 197 | 0 | |
11 | 10 | 54 | Steve McEachern | McEachern Racing | Chevrolet | 197 | 0 | |
12 | 12 | 20 | Walker Evans | Walker Evans Racing | Dodge | 197 | 0 | |
13 | 11 | 23 | T. J. Clark | Clark Racing | Ford | 196 | 0 | |
14 | 13 | 11 | Mike Hurlbert | RPM Racing | Ford | 127 | 0 | |
15 | 15 | 06 | Robby Gordon | Ultra Motorsports | Ford | 86 | 0 | |
16 | 16 | 2 | Dave Ashley | Ultra Motorsports | Ford | 0 | 0 | |
Source:[18]
|
Supertruck Winter Heat 200 No. 2
editRace details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | December 11, 1994 | ||
Location | Tucson Raceway Park, Tucson, Arizona | ||
Course |
Permanent racing facility .375 mi (.604 km) | ||
Distance | 200 laps, 75 mi (120.7 km) | ||
Average speed | 76.444 mph (123.025 km/h) | ||
Pole position | |||
Driver | Spears Motorsports | ||
Most laps led | |||
Driver | Mike Skinner | Richard Childress Racing | |
Laps | 106 | ||
Winner | |||
No. 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports | |
Television in the United States | |||
Network | TNN |
The second of the Winter Heat races, a competition caution was implemented to be flown at the race's halfway point on lap 100. Pole-sitter Ron Hornaday Jr. led the first 71 laps of the event. During his run, a caution was flown on lap 38 for Ken Schrader's slow truck. Hornaday gave up the lead to Mike Skinner on lap 72. Steve McEachern spun in turn 4 on lap 131 to force another caution, while the third and final yellow flag of the day occurred on lap 141 for debris. Skinner continued to lead until lap 177 when P. J. Jones passed him. Jones led the final 23 laps to win.[19]
Two drivers failed to finish the race: Kerry Teague's engine failed on lap 38, while Johnny Benson failed to start.[19]
Race results
editPos | Grid | Car | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps Run | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 | 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports | Ford | 200 | 23 | |
2 | 1 | 75 | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Spears Motorsports | Chevrolet | 200 | 71 | |
3 | 2 | 3 | Mike Skinner | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 200 | 106 | |
4 | 11 | 6 | Rick Carelli | Chesrown Racing | Chevrolet | 200 | 0 | |
5 | 6 | 21 | Mike Chase | Venable Racing | Ford | 200 | 0 | |
6 | 13 | 12 | Tobey Butler | Venable Racing | Ford | 199 | 0 | |
7 | 9 | 23 | T. J. Clark | Clark Racing | Ford | 198 | 0 | |
8 | 10 | 2 | Dave Ashley | Ultra Motorsports | Ford | 197 | 0 | |
9 | 15 | 20 | Walker Evans | Walker Evans Racing | Dodge | 197 | 0 | |
10 | 3 | 24 | Ken Schrader | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 197 | 0 | |
11 | 8 | 06 | Mike Bliss | Ultra Motorsports | Ford | 195 | 0 | |
12 | 4 | 8 | Craig Huartson | Bunce Huartson Race Team | Chevrolet | 193 | 0 | |
13 | 12 | 31 | Gary Balough | Griffin Racing | Chevrolet | 188 | 0 | |
14 | 16 | 11 | Mike Hurlbert | RPM Racing | Ford | 182 | 0 | |
15 | 7 | 54 | Steve McEachern | McEachern Racing | Chevrolet | 175 | 0 | |
16 | 14 | 51 | Kerry Teague | Rosenblum Racing | Chevrolet | 38 | 0 | |
17 | N/A | 18 | Johnny Benson | Roehrig Motorsports | Chevrolet | 0 | 0 | |
Source:[19]
|
Supertruck Winter Heat No. 3 (1995)
editRace details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | January 8, 1995 | ||
Location | Tucson Raceway Park, Tucson, Arizona | ||
Course |
Permanent racing facility .375 mi (.604 km) | ||
Distance | 200 laps, 75 mi (120.7 km) | ||
Average speed | 66.043 mph (106.286 km/h) | ||
Pole position | |||
Driver | Ultra Motorsports | ||
Most laps led | |||
Driver | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Spears Motorsports | |
Laps | 128 | ||
Winner | |||
No. 3 | Mike Skinner | Richard Childress Racing | |
Television in the United States | |||
Network | TNN |
In comparison to the first two Winter Heat races, the third was marred by cautions; six accidents occurred during the race. Butch Gilliland led the first ten laps of the race before Ron Hornaday Jr. took the lead, holding on for 91 laps. During Hornaday's run from laps 11–101, two cautions were flown: Bob Strait and Steve McEachern crashed in turn three on lap 39, while Craig Huartson spun in turn one on lap 59. The third caution, a result of Kerry Teague's truck spilling oil on the track, resulted in Hornaday losing the lead to Rick Carelli. He led until lap 149, when Mike Skinner took first. Two laps later, the Nos. 2 and 23 trucks of Dave Ashley and T. J. Clark were involved in a crash in turn one. The final caution period of the day came on lap 197 when Gilliland spun in turn four, forcing a green–white–checker finish and extending the race by four laps. Skinner led those laps to win the race.[20]
Of the 18 drivers competing, seven did not finish the race: T. J. Clark retired on lap 187 for overheating issues, P. J. Jones' brakes failed on lap 165, Tobey Butler and Teague both suffered engine problems on laps 100 and 99, respectively, Walker Evans' truck overheated on lap 73 and Strait and McEachern's crash forced both of them out of the race.[20]
Race results
editPos | Grid | Car | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps Run | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | 3 | Mike Skinner | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 204 | 55 | |
2 | 4 | 75 | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Spears Motorsports | Chevrolet | 204 | 128 | |
3 | 2 | 6 | Rick Carelli | Chesrown Racing | Chevrolet | 204 | 11 | |
4 | 5 | 18 | Johnny Benson | Roehrig Motorsports | Chevrolet | 204 | 0 | |
5 | 9 | 31 | Gary Balough | Griffin Racing | Chevrolet | 203 | 0 | |
6 | 18 | 38 | Sammy Swindell | Akins-Sutton Motorsports | Ford | 202 | 0 | |
7 | 6 | 12 | Scott Lagasse | Venable Racing | Ford | 202 | 0 | |
8 | 1 | 06 | Butch Gilliland | Ultra Motorsports | Ford | 202 | 10 | |
9 | 17 | 2 | Dave Ashley | Ultra Motorsports | Ford | 198 | 0 | |
10 | 16 | 11 | Mike Hurlbert | RPM Racing | Ford | 194 | 0 | |
11 | 11 | 23 | T. J. Clark | Clark Racing | Ford | 187 | 0 | |
12 | 7 | 8 | Craig Huartson | Bunce Huartson Race Team | Chevrolet | 174 | 0 | |
13 | 10 | 1 | P. J. Jones | Vestar Motorsports | Ford | 165 | 0 | |
14 | 8 | 21 | Tobey Butler | Venable racing | Ford | 100 | 0 | |
15 | 14 | 51 | Kerry Teague | Rosenblum Racing | Chevrolet | 99 | 0 | |
16 | 15 | 20 | Walker Evans | Walker Evans Racing | Dodge | 73 | 0 | |
17 | 12 | 37 | Bob Strait | Strait Racing | Ford | 38 | 0 | |
18 | 13 | 54 | Steve McEachern | McEachern Racing | Chevrolet | 38 | 0 | |
Source:[20]
|
NASCAR Supertruck 25 (1995)
editRace details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | November 4, 1995 | ||
Location | Homestead Motorsports Complex, Homestead, Florida | ||
Course |
Permanent racing facility 1.5 mi (2.41 km) | ||
Distance | 25 laps, 37.5 mi (60.35 km) | ||
Pole position | |||
Driver | Grandaddy Racing | ||
Most laps led | |||
Driver | Mike Skinner | Richard Childress Racing | |
Laps | 12 | ||
Winner | |||
No. 7 | Geoff Bodine | Geoff Bodine Racing |
Following the end of the 1995 NASCAR SuperTruck Series season, the series held a 25-lap exhibition race at the newly-opened Homestead Motorsports Complex. At the time, the track resembled a smaller Indianapolis Motor Speedway and was praised by series champion Mike Skinner. As trucks weren't as aerodynamic as regular stock cars, he commented, drivers had to be more cautious entering the turns.[21]
Pole-sitter Jimmy Hensley led the first two laps before Skinner took the lead. Skinner led until lap 12, when the competition caution was waved, and Geoff Bodine claimed first. Bodine led for three laps, followed by Skinner leading for a lap, then Butch Miller for two laps. Bodine took the lead from Miller on lap 19, and led all but one of the final seven laps (Skinner led lap 22) to beat Skinner by 0.1 seconds.[4] Ernie Irvan, who had failed to qualify for the Busch Series race, finished third.[22]
The track was added to the 1996 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series schedule as the opening race.[21]
Race results
editPos | Grid | Car | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps Run | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4 | 7 | Geoff Bodine | Geoff Bodine Racing | Ford | 25 | 9 | |
2 | 9 | 3 | Mike Skinner | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 25 | 12 | |
3 | 2 | 28 | Ernie Irvan | Irvan-Simo Racing | Ford | 25 | 0 | |
4 | 8 | 98 | Butch Miller | Liberty Racing | Ford | 25 | 2 | |
5 | 1 | 30 | Jimmy Hensley | Grandaddy Racing | Dodge | 25 | 2 | |
6 | 7 | 6 | Rick Carelli | Chesrown Racing | Chevrolet | 25 | 0 | |
7 | 5 | 87 | John Nemechek | NEMCO Motorsports | Chevrolet | 25 | 0 | |
8 | 3 | 1 | Mike Chase | Vestar Motorsports | Chevrolet | 25 | 0 | |
9 | 10 | 63 | Ron Esau | Bunce Engineering | Chevrolet | 25 | 0 | |
10 | 6 | 64 | Michael Dokken | Dokken Racing | Chevrolet | 20 | 0 | |
Source:[4]
|
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Huntting, Lynn (February 25, 2005). "Press Snoop: NASCAR Truck Series facts". Road & Track. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
- ^ Rockne, Dick (May 8, 1995). "Trucks Pick Up Fans, Sponsors". The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ "About the track". Tucson Raceway Park. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ a b c "1995 NASCAR Supertruck 25". Racing-Reference. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
- ^ a b Mims, Mark (May 20, 1994). "NASCAR announces debut of Supertruck Racing Series". Longview News-Journal. Retrieved April 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Craig Huartson". Racing-Reference. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ a b Glick, Shav (June 17, 1994). "Ready or Not, Here Come the Trucks". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ a b "1994 Supertruck Mesa Marin 20". Racing-Reference. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ Pope, Thomas (February 4, 1995). "NASCAR SUPERTRUCK SERIES OPENS IN PHOENIX". The Fayetteville Observer. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ Zurschmeide, Jeff (2014). Portland Speedway. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781467131469. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
We announced a special exhibition of the brand-new NASCAR SuperTrucks Series. I've never seen anything like it. I had to hang out the SOLD OUT sign, and that broke my heart, says former speedway manager Craig Armstrong.
- ^ a b "1994 Supertruck Portland 20". Racing-Reference. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
- ^ a b Esper, Darian (September 11, 1994). "SAUGUS SPEEDWAY : Collins Wins Exhibition for SuperTrucks". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ a b c "1994 Supertruck Saugus 20". Racing-Reference. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ a b "1994 Supertruck Tucson 20". Racing-Reference. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
- ^ Stephens, Tim (October 9, 1994). "Strait, NASCAR join truckers". The Times of Northwest Indiana. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ Baumgartner, Lee (November 10, 2016). "Racing heats up with NASCAR Winter Series". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
- ^ Williams, Charean (November 17, 1994). "New Nascar Series Makes Debut Sunday". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c "1994 Supertruck Winter Heat 200 #1". Racing-Reference. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
- ^ a b c "1994 Supertruck Winter Heat 200 #2". Racing-Reference. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
- ^ a b c "1995 Supertruck Winter Heat 200 #3". Racing-Reference. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
- ^ a b Harris, Mike (November 5, 1995). "'Careful' is the key word in first Homestead race". Standard-Speaker. Retrieved April 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
- ^ O'Brien, David (November 5, 1995). "Breakthrough Truck Win Super For Bodine". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2015.