1938 changing of place names in East Prussia

On 16 July 1938, more than 1500 place names in East Prussia were changed, following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpräsident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler.[1] Most of the names affected were of Old Prussian, Lithuanian and Polish origin; they were either eliminated, Germanized, or simplified. Similar geographical renaming also took place in other parts of Nazi Germany.

1938 changing of place names in East Prussia
A map of East Prussia in 1890 with many of the original place names
Native name Umbenennung von Orten in Ostpreußen im Jahr 1938
DateJuly 16, 1938 (1938-07-16)
LocationEast Prussia
TypeGeographical renaming
CauseGermanisation
Organised byPrussian Ministry of Science, Education and People's Education (Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung)

History

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Place names in Masuria were occasionally changed prior to 1938, and even before the Nazi era.[2] In the district of Lötzen 47 percent of all villages had already been renamed in the Weimar Republic and another 36 percent after 1933.[3] A systematic renaming campaign was prepared after Koch issued the corresponding order on 25 August 1937.[4][nb 1] Following this order, the Prussian Ministry of Science, Education and People's Education (Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung) set up an expert commission led by the ministerial adviser (Ministerialrat) Heinrich Harmjanz [de].[4] Other members of the commission included Slavicist Karl Heinrich Meyer [de], Germanist Walther Ziesemer [de], Lithuanian and Old Prussian place name specialist Viktor Falkenhahn [de] and the director of the Prussian State Archive Königsberg and Teutonic Order state place name specialist Max Hein [de].[4] Affected were names of villages, water bodies, forests and cadastral districts.[4] In some counties up to 70% of the place names had been changed by 16 July 1938.[4]

After World War II the local German populace fled or was expelled. In the part of East Prussia that was given to Poland and became the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship the modern Polish place names were determined by the Commission for the Determination of Place Names, which generally restored the pre-1938 place names, in the case of German-origin place names without a Polish alternative simply translating them from German into Polish. In the northern part of East Prussia that was given to the Soviet Union and became Kaliningrad Oblast, no historical Russian place names could be found and the Soviet government was unwilling to restore the old Lithuanian or old Polish place names, therefore entirely new names were invented. In the case of major oblast towns, half of them were named after Russian and Soviet military leaders.[5] The place names invented in 1938 by the government of Nazi Germany still remain in official use in Germany.[3]

Examples of changed place names

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Pre-1938 place name New place name Polish spelling Lithuanian spelling Notes
Abscherningken Ebershagen - Opšrininkai
Aschlauken Kalkhöfen - -
Babken Lagenquell Babki Oleckie - Modern-day Babki Oleckie, Poland.
Bittkowen Bittkau Bitkowo - Modern-day Bitkowo, Gołdap County, Poland.
Budweitschen Altenwacht - Budvaičiai
Darkehmen Angerapp Darkiejmy Darkiemis Modern-day Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.
Dombrowsken Königsruh Dąbrowskie Dombrovskė Modern-day Dąbrowskie, Olecko County, Poland.
Dobawen Dobauen - -
Dubeninken Dubeningen Dubeninki Dubeninkai Modern-day Dubeninki, Poland.
Drosdowen Drosten Drozdowo -
Duttken Sargensee Dudki -
Elluschönen Ellern - Eliušėnai Modern-day Sadovoye, Chistye Prudy rural settlement [ru], Russia.
Germingkehmen Germingen - Germinkiemis
Gertschen Gertenau - Gerčiai Modern-day Yarovoye, Kaliningrad Oblast [ru], Russia.
Gollubien Unterfelde Golubie - Modern-day Golubie, Gołdap County, Poland.
Grabowen Arnswald Grabowo Grabava Modern-day Grabowo, Gołdap County, Poland.
Gr. Grigalischken Ellerbach - Grigališkiai
Gr. Rominten Hardteck Rominty Wielkie Rominta Modern-day Krasnolesye, Russia.
Gr. Schwentischken Schanzenort - Šventiškiai Modern-day Pugachevo, Nesterovsky District [ru], Russia.
Gr. Schakummen Eichkamp - -
Kl. Grigalischken Kleinkalkhöfen - -
Kl. Lassek Liebchensruh Lasek Mały -
Kl. Schwentischken Kleinschanzenort - -
Kowahlen Reimannswalde Kowale Oleckie -
Krajutkehmen Dürrfelde - Krajutkiemis
Kuiken Albrechtsrode Kwik Kuikiai
Kukowen Reinkental Kukowo -
Kulligkehmen Ohldorf - Kulikiemis
Makunischken Hohenwaldeck Makuniszki Makūniškiai Modern-day Tokarevka, Kaliningrad Oblast [ru], Russia.
Mehlkehmen Birkenmühle - Mielkiemis Modern-day Kalinino, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.
Meldienen Gnadenheim - Meldynai
Mierunsken Merunen Mieruniszki -
Naujeningken Neuhufen - Naujininkai Modern-day Khutorskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast [lt], Russia.
Neuteich Damerau - Naičiai
Oszeningken Pfalzrode - Ožininkai Modern-day Karpinskoye [ru], Russia.
Pablindszen Zollteich Pobłędzie Pablindžiai Modern-day Pobłędzie, Poland.
Perkallen Husarenberg - Perkaliai
Plautzkehmen Engern Pluszkiejmi Pliuškiemis Modern-day Pluszkiejmy, Poland.
Pöwgallen Pöwen - Pievgaliai
Pillupönen Schloßbach - Pilupėnai
Ribbenischken Ribbenau - Ribiniškiai Modern-day Uvarovo, Kaliningrad Oblast [ru], Russia.
Samelucken Sameln, Brückental - -
Samonienen Gut Reiterhof - Samanynai Modern-day Dokuchaevo, Kaliningrad Oblast [ru], Russia.
Sayden Saiden Zajdy - Modern-day Zajdy, Poland.
Schmulken Birkenhöhe - -
Schönbruch Damerau - -
Stallupönen Ebenrode - Stalupėnai Modern-day Nesterov, Russia.
Stooßnen Stosnau Stożne -
Suleyken Suleiken Sulejki - Modern-day Sulejki, Poland.
Szittkehmen Judendorf Żytkiejmy Žydkiemis Modern-day Żytkiejmy, Poland. The name literally means "Jewish village".
Szurgupchen Sprindort - Žirgučiai
Tellitzkehmen Tellrode - Telyčkiemis
Tollmingkehmen Tollmingen Tolmingiany Tolminkiemis Modern-day Chistye Prudy, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.
Walterkehmen Großwaltersdorf - Valtarkiemis Modern-day Olchovatka, Kaliningrad Oblast [ru], Russia.
Wilkoschen Wolfseck - Vilkošiai

In other regions

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Contemporary signboard of the German minority community centre in Sławików, Racibórz County, with the place names Bergkirch and Weidenmoor implemented in 1936 instead of Slawikau and Lassoky

A similar replacement of place names was carried out in other regions of Nazi Germany, especially in Silesia. There, 1088 place names in the Oppeln region were changed in 1936, also 359 in the Breslau (Wroclaw) area and 178 in the Liegnitz (Legnica) area between 1937 and 1938.[6] In the portion of Upper Silesia which after World War I had become part of the Second Polish Republic, most places had two locally used names, a German one and a Polish one, and after 1922, Polish authorities made the Polish variants the official names.[6]

During World War II, renaming occurred primarily in occupied/annexed territories, because the Nazi government felt that "foreign language names for places constitute a national threat and may lead to mistaken world opinion in regard to their nationality". Areas affected included Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, e.g. Upper Silesia and the area near Poznań.[6] and Alsace, as well as Czechoslovakia.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The order was republished by the Publikationsstelle Berlin-Dahlem (PuSte) and is now in the Federal German Archives (Bundesarchiv Berlin), R 153/390 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine: "Erfassung slawischer Ortsnamen im deutschen Reichsgebiet und Pläne zur Umbenennung dieser Orte in deutsche Namen", includes: Oberpräsident Ostpreußen, Königsberg, 25. 8. 1937, betr.: Verdeutschung fremdsprachiger Namen in Ostpreußen, Bezug: Erlaß des Reichs- und Preußischen Minister des Innern vom 6. 7. 1937; cf. Kossert (2003), p. 138.

References

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  1. ^ Neumärker, Uwe; et al. (2007). "Wolfsschanze": Hitlers Machtzentrale im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German) (3 ed.). Ch. Links Verlag. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-86153-433-4.
  2. ^ Kossert, Andreas (2003). "'Grenzlandpolitik' und Ostforschung an der Peripherie des Reiches. Das ostpreußische Masuren 1919-1945". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 51 (2): 117–146, here p. 137.
  3. ^ a b Kossert, Andreas [in German] (2007). Masuren – Ostpreussens vergessener Süden (in German). RM-Buch-und-Medien-Vertrieb. p. 323. ISBN 978-3-570-55006-9. Diese Regelung übernahm dann die 1949 gegründete Bundesrepublik Deutschland, deren Lastenausgleichsämter, Aussiedler- und Flüchtlingslager, Rentenbehörden und Meldeämter weiterhin die germanisierten NS-Formen gebrauchten.
  4. ^ a b c d e Kossert, Andreas (2003). "'Grenzlandpolitik' und Ostforschung an der Peripherie des Reiches. Das ostpreußische Masuren 1919-1945". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 51 (2): 117–146, here p. 138.
  5. ^ Wylegała, Anna; Łukianow, Małgorzata; Rutar, Sabine (12 March 2023). "The Prussian Spirit of the Land". No Neighbors' Lands in Postwar Europe: Vanishing Others. Springer International Publishing. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-3-031-10857-0.
  6. ^ a b c Monika Choros, Lucja Jarczak, "Relacje polsko niemieckie w nazwach miejscowych" (Polish-German relations in local placenames), [www.instytutslaski.com/www/pliki/relacje.ppt Instytut Slaski]