1874 United Kingdom general election

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The 1874 United Kingdom general election saw the incumbent Liberals, led by William Gladstone, lose decisively, even though their party won a majority of the votes cast.[1] Benjamin Disraeli's Conservatives won the majority of seats in the House of Commons, largely because they won a number of uncontested seats. It was the first Conservative victory in a general election since 1841. Gladstone's decision to call an election surprised his colleagues, for they were aware of large sectors of discontent in their coalition. For example, the nonconformists were upset with education policies; many working-class people disliked the new trade union laws and the restrictions on drinking. The Conservatives were making gains in the middle-class, Gladstone wanted to abolish the income tax, but failed to carry his own cabinet. The result was a disaster for the Liberals, who went from 387 MPs to only 242. Conservatives jumped from 271 to 350. Gladstone himself noted: "We have been swept away in a torrent of gin and beer".[2]

1874 United Kingdom general election

← 1868 31 January – 17 February 1874 (1874-01-31 – 1874-02-17) 1880 →

All 652 seats in the House of Commons
327 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Benjamin Disraeli William Gladstone Isaac Butt
Party Conservative Liberal Home Rule
Leader since 27 February 1868 3 December 1868 November 1873
Leader's seat Buckinghamshire Greenwich Limerick City
Last election 271 seats, 38.7% 387 seats, 61.2% Did not contest
Seats won 350 242[a] 60
Seat change Increase79 Decrease145 Increase60
Popular vote 1,091,708 1,281,159 90,234
Percentage 44.3% 52.0% 3.7%
Swing Increase5.6% Decrease9.2% New party

Colours denote the winning party

Composition of the House of Commons after the election

Prime Minister before election

William Gladstone
Liberal

Prime Minister after election

Benjamin Disraeli
Conservative

The election saw the Irish of the Home Rule League become a significant third party in Parliament, with 60 of 101 of the seats for Ireland. This was the first UK election to use a secret ballot following the 1872 Secret Ballot Act. The Irish Nationalist gains could well be attributed to the effects of the Secret Ballot Act, as tenants faced less of a threat of eviction if they voted against the wishes of their landlords.[citation needed] Also in this election, the first two working-class MPs were elected: Alexander MacDonald and Thomas Burt, both members of the Miners' Union, were elected as Liberal-Labour (Lib–Lab) MPs in Stafford and Morpeth, respectively.[3] The 1867 Reform Act eroded the legislative power of the rural gentry. The 1874 election, especially in Ireland, saw great landowners losing their county seats to tenant farmers.[4]

This is the only time, since the introduction of the secret ballot, that a UK party has been defeated despite receiving an absolute majority of the popular vote. This was primarily because over 100 Conservative candidates were elected unopposed. This meant no votes were cast in those 100 places where the Conservative candidates were anticipated to be popular; in the seats where Liberal candidates did stand, they polled a high proportion of the vote on average.

The election saw 652 MPs elected, six fewer than at the previous election. Following allegations of corruption, the Conservative-held constituencies of Beverley and Sligo Borough, and the Liberal-held constituencies of Bridgwater and Cashel, had been abolished.

Results

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UK General Election 1874
Party Candidates Votes
Stood Elected Gained Unseated Net % of total % No. Net %
  Liberal 489 242 −139 37.12 51.95 1,281,159 −9.5
  Conservative 507 350 +79 53.68 44.27 1,091,708 +5.9
  Home Rule 80 60 0 0 +60 9.20 3.66 90,234 N/A
  Others 4 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 2,936 0.0

Voting summary

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Popular vote
Liberal
51.95%
Conservative
44.27%
Home Rule
3.66%
Others
0.12%

Seats summary

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Parliamentary seats
Liberal
37.12%
Conservative
53.68%
Home Rule
9.2%

Regional results

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Great Britain

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Party Seats Seats change Votes % % change
Conservative 319  85 1,000,006 44.6
Liberal 230[a]  93 1,241,381 55.4
Lib-Lab 2  2
Other 0 2 0.0
Total 551  4 2,241,389 100
England
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Party Seats Seats change Votes % % change
Conservative 280  69 905,239 46.2
Liberal 171  75 1,035,268 53.8
Lib-Lab 2  2
Other 0 2 0.0
Total 451  4 1,940,509 100
Scotland
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Party Seats Seats change Votes % % change
Liberal 40  11 148,345 68.4
Conservative 18  11 63,193 31.6
Total 58   211,538 100
Wales
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Party Seats Seats change Votes % % change
Liberal 19  4 57,768 60.9
Conservative 14  4 31,574 39.1
Total 33   89,342 100

Ireland

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Party Seats Seats change Votes % % change
Home Rule 60  60 90,234 39.6  
Irish Conservative 31  6 91,702 40.8 −1.1%
Liberal 10  56 39,778 18.4 −39.5%
Other 0 2,934 1.2
Total 101  2 224,648 100

Universities

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Party Seats Seats change Votes % % change
Conservative 7  1
Liberal 2  1
Total 9   100

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b The seat and vote count figures for the Liberals given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

References

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  1. ^ William Henry Maehl, "Gladstone, the Liberals, and the Election of 1874", Historical Research (1963), 36#93: 53–69.
  2. ^ (Roberts 2001, p. 332).
  3. ^ Whitfield, Bob (2001). The Extension of the Franchise, 1832-1931. Heinemann. p. 240. ISBN 9780435327170.
  4. ^ David F. Krein, "The Great Landowners in the House of Commons, 1833–85." Parliamentary History 32.3 (2013): 460-476.
  5. ^ "Others" include the Catholic Union.

Further reading

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  • Craig, F. W. S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302
  • Hurst, Michael (1972), "Liberal versus Liberal: The General Election of 1874 in Bradford and Sheffield", Historical Journal, 15 (4): 669–713, doi:10.1017/s0018246x00003502, S2CID 145108784
  • McIntyre, William David. "Disraeli's election blunder: The straits of Malacca issue in the 1874 election." Culture, Theory and Critique 5.1 (1961): 76-105.
  • Maehl, William Henry (1963), "Gladstone, the Liberals, and the Election of 1874", Historical Research, 36 (93): 53–69, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1963.tb00622.x
  • Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael, eds. (2000), British Electoral Facts 1832–1999, Ashgate Publishing Ltd
  • Roberts, Martin (2001), Britain: 1846–1964: The Challenge of Change, Oxford University Press
  • Roberts, Matthew. "Election Cartoons and Political Communication In Victorian England" Cultural & Social History (2013) 10#3 pp 369–395, covers 1860 to 1890.