U, or u, is the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet and the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is u (pronounced /ˈjuː/), plural ues.[1][2][3][a]
| U | |
|---|---|
| U u | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin |
| Sound values | |
| In Unicode |
|
| Alphabetical position | 21 |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | 1386 to present |
| Descendants | |
| Sisters | |
| Other | |
| Associated graphs | |
| Writing direction | Left-to-right |
Name
editIn English, the name of the letter is the "long U" sound, pronounced /ˈjuː/. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.
_in_European_languages.png)
History
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2023) |
| Proto-Sinaitic | Phoenician Waw |
Western Greek Upsilon |
Latin V |
Latin U |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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U derives from the Semitic waw, as does F, and later, Y, W, and V. Its oldest ancestor goes back to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and is probably from a hieroglyph of a mace or fowl, representing the sound [v] or the sound [w]. This was borrowed to Phoenician, where it represented the sound [w], and seldom the vowel [u].
In Greek, two letters were adapted from the Phoenician waw. The letter was adapted, but split in two, with Digamma or wau ⟨Ϝ⟩ being adapted to represent [w], and the second one being Upsilon ⟨Υ⟩, which was originally adapted to represent [u], later fronted, becoming [y].
In Latin, a stemless variant shape of the upsilon was borrowed in early times as U, taking the form of modern-day V – either directly from the Western Greek alphabet or from the Etruscan alphabet as an intermediary – to represent the same /u/ sound, as well as the consonantal /w/, num – originally spelled NVM – was pronounced /num/ and via was pronounced [ˈwia]. From the 1st century AD on, depending on Vulgar Latin dialect, consonantal /w/ developed into /β/ (kept in Spanish), then later to /v/.
During the late Middle Ages, two minuscule forms developed, which were both used for /v/ or the vowel /u/. The pointed form ⟨v⟩ was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form ⟨u⟩ was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas 'valour' and 'excuse' appeared as in modern printing, 'have' and 'upon' were printed 'haue' and 'vpon', respectively. The first recorded use of ⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ as distinct letters is in a Gothic alphabet from 1386, where ⟨v⟩ preceded ⟨u⟩. Printers eschewed capital ⟨U⟩ in favor of ⟨V⟩ into the 17th century and the distinction between the two letters was not fully accepted by the French Academy until 1762.[4][5][better source needed] The rounded variant became the modern-day version of U and its former pointed form became V.
Use in writing systems
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2023) |
| Orthography | Phonemes |
|---|---|
| Afrikaans | /y/ |
| Standard Chinese[6] (pinyin) | /u/, /y/ |
| Danish | /u/, /ʊ/ |
| Dutch | /y/, /œ/ |
| English | /ʌ/, /juː/, /uː/, /ʊ/, /ɜː/, /jʊə/, /ʊə/, /w/, silent |
| Esperanto | /u/ |
| Faroese | /u/, /ʊ/ |
| French | /y/, /ɥ/ |
| German | /u/, /ʊ/ |
| Icelandic | /u/, /ʏ/ |
| Indonesian[7] | /u/ |
| Italian | /u/, /w/ |
| Japanese (Hepburn) | /ɯ/, silent |
| Lithuanian | /ʊ/ |
| Low German | /u/, /ʊ/ |
| Malay | /u/, /w/ |
| Norwegian | /ʉ/, /ɵ/ |
| Portuguese | /u/, /w/, /ɐ/ |
| Spanish | /u/, /w/ |
| Swedish | /ʉ/, /ɵ/ |
| Turkish | /u/ |
| Welsh | /ɨ̞/, /ɨː/ or /ɪ/, /iː/ |
English
editIn English, the letter ⟨u⟩ has four main pronunciations. There are "long" and "short" pronunciations. Short ⟨u⟩, found originally in closed syllables, most commonly represents /ʌ/ (as in 'duck'), though it retains its old pronunciation /ʊ/ after labial consonants in some words (as in 'put') and occasionally elsewhere (as in 'sugar'). Long ⟨u⟩, found originally in words of French origin (the descendant of Old English long ⟨u⟩ was respelled as ⟨ou⟩), most commonly represents /juː/ (as in 'mule'), reducing to /uː/ after ⟨r⟩ (as in 'rule'), ⟨j⟩ (as in 'June') and sometimes (or optionally) after ⟨l⟩ (as in 'lute'), and after additional consonants in American English (a do–dew merger). (After ⟨s⟩, /sjuː, zjuː/ have assimilated to /ʃuː, ʒuː/ in some words.)
The letter ⟨u⟩ is used in the digraphs ⟨au⟩ /ɔː/, ⟨ou⟩ (various pronunciations, but usually /aʊ/), and with the value of long ⟨u⟩ in ⟨eu⟩, ⟨ue⟩, and in a few words ⟨ui⟩ (as in 'fruit'). It often has the sound /w/ before a vowel in the sequences ⟨qu⟩ (as in 'quick'), ⟨gu⟩ (as in 'anguish'), and ⟨su⟩ (as in 'suave'), though it is silent in final ⟨que⟩ (as in 'unique') and in many words with ⟨gu⟩ (as in 'guard').
Additionally, the letter ⟨u⟩ is used in text messaging, the Internet, and other written slang to denote 'you', by virtue of both being pronounced /juː/.
Certain varieties of the English language (i.e. British English, Canadian English, etc.) use the letter U in words such as colour, labour, valour, etc. In American English, the letter is not used, and the words mentioned are spelled as color and so on.
It is the thirteenth most frequently used letter in the English language,[when?] with a frequency of about 2.8% in words.[citation needed]
Other languages
editIn most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨u⟩ represents the close back rounded vowel /u/ or a similar vowel.[8]
- In French orthography the letter represents the close front rounded vowel /y/; /u/ is represented by ⟨ou⟩.
- In Dutch and Afrikaans, it represents either /y/, or a near-close near-front rounded vowel /ʏ/; likewise, the phoneme /u/ is represented by ⟨oe⟩.
- In Welsh orthography the letter can represent a long close front unrounded vowel /iː/ or short near-close near-front unrounded vowel /ɪ/ in Southern dialects. In Northern dialects, the corresponding long and short vowels are a long close central unrounded vowel /ɨː/ and a short lowered close central unrounded vowel /ɨ̞/, respectively. /uː/ and /ʊ/ are represented by ⟨w⟩.
Other systems
editThe International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨u⟩ for the close back rounded vowel.
Other uses
edit- The symbol 'U' is the chemical symbol for uranium.
- In the context of Newtonian mechanics, 'U' is the symbol for the potential energy of a system.
- 'u' is the symbol for the atomic mass unit, and 'U' is the symbol for one enzyme unit.
- In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the close back rounded vowel is represented by the lowercase ⟨u⟩.
- 'U' is also the source of the mathematical symbol ∪, representing a union. It is used mainly for Venn diagrams and geometry.
- It is used for micro- in metric measurements as a replacement for the Greek letter μ (mu), of which it is a graphic approximation when that Greek letter is not available, as in "
um" for μm (micrometer). - Some universities, such as the University of Miami and the University of Utah, are locally known as "The U".
- 'U' (or sometimes RU) is a standard height unit of measure in rack units, with each U equal to 44.50 millimetres (1.75 in).
- 'U' is used as the symbol of the World War II organization Ustaše.
- U is an honorific in Burmese.[9]
Related characters
editAncestors, descendants and siblings
edit- ⟨𐤅⟩: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive:
- IPA-specific symbols related to U: ⟨ʊ⟩ ⟨ɥ⟩
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to U:[10]
- U+1D1C ᴜ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL U
- U+1D41 ᵁ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL U
- U+1D58 ᵘ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL U
- U+1D64 ᵤ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER U
- U+1D1D ᴝ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS U
- U+1D1E ᴞ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS DIAERESIZED U
- U+1D59 ᵙ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SIDEWAYS U
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to U:[11]
- U+AB4E ꭎ LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG
- U+AB4F ꭏ LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG
- U+AB51 ꭑ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED UI
- U+AB52 ꭒ LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH LEFT HOOK
- U+AB5F ꭟ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL U WITH LEFT HOOK
- U+1DB8 ᶸ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL U: used for phonetic transcription[12]
- ⟨Ꞿ ꞿ⟩: Glottal U, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic[13]
- U with diacritics: ⟨Ŭ ŭ Ʉ ʉ ᵾ⟩[12] ⟨ᶶ⟩[12] ⟨Ꞹ⟩[14] ⟨ꞹ⟩[14] ⟨Ụ ụ⟩ ⟨Ü ü⟩ ⟨Ǜ ǜ⟩ ⟨Ǘ ǘ⟩ ⟨Ǚ ǚ⟩ ⟨Ǖ ǖ⟩ ⟨Ṳ ṳ⟩ ⟨Ú ú⟩ ⟨Ù ù⟩ ⟨Û û Ṷ ṷ⟩ ⟨Ǔ ǔ⟩ ⟨Ȗ ȗ⟩ ⟨Ű ű⟩ ⟨Ŭ ŭ⟩ ⟨Ư ư⟩ ⟨Ứ ứ⟩ ⟨Ừ ừ⟩ ⟨Ử ử⟩ ⟨Ự ự⟩ ⟨Ữ Ữ⟩ ⟨Ủ ủ⟩ ⟨Ū ū⟩ ⟨Ū̀ ū̀⟩ ⟨Ū́ ū́⟩ ⟨Ṻ ṻ⟩ ⟨Ū̃ ū̃⟩ ⟨Ũ ũ⟩ ⟨Ṹ ṹ⟩ ⟨Ṵ ṵ⟩ ⟨ᶙ⟩[12] ⟨Ų ų Ų́ ų́ Ų̃ ų̃⟩ ⟨Ȕ ȕ⟩ ⟨Ů ů⟩
- U+A7B8 Ꞹ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH STROKE and U+A7B9 ꞹ LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH STROKE are used in the Mazahua language and feature a bar diacritic.
Ligatures and abbreviations
edit- ∪: Union, an infix notation.
- ∩: Intersection, an infix notation.
Other representations
editComputing
edit| Preview | U | u | Ｕ | ｕ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U | LATIN SMALL LETTER U | FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U | FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER U | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 85 | U+0055 | 117 | U+0075 | 65333 | U+FF35 | 65365 | U+FF55 |
| UTF-8 | 85 | 55 | 117 | 75 | 239 188 181 | EF BC B5 | 239 189 149 | EF BD 95 |
| Numeric character reference | U |
U |
u |
u |
Ｕ |
Ｕ |
ｕ |
ｕ |
| EBCDIC family | 228 | E4 | 164 | A4 | ||||
| ASCII[b] | 85 | 55 | 117 | 75 | ||||
Other
edit
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ "U". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
- ^ Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. 1993.
- ^ Brown, Goold; Kiddle, Henry (1870). The institutes of English grammar. New York, W. Wood & co. p. 19.
- ^ cf. "U," in Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise, 4th ed., 2: 893. 2 vols. Paris: Chez la Veuve de Bernard Brunet, Imprimeur de l'Académie Françoiſe, 1762. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12803850/f901.item; and "U," in Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise, 4th ed., 2: 893. 2 vols. Paris: Chez la Veuve de Bernard Brunet, Imprimeur de l'Académie Françoiſe, 1762. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12803850/f901.item.
- ^ Pflughaupt, Laurent (2008). Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany. Translated by Bruhn, Gregory. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-56898-737-8. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Odinye, Sunny Ifeanyi (January 2015). "Phonology of Mandarin Chinese: Pinyin vs. IPA". ResearchGate. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
- ^ "Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation". Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
- ^ "Latin". Ancient Scripts. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
- ^ Pun, Sharon (August 4, 2018). "The meaning behind Myanmar names". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ^ Everson, Michael (March 20, 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (June 2, 2011). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- ^ Suignard, Michel (May 9, 2017). "L2/17-076R2: Revised proposal for the encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic characters" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
- ^ a b Jacquerye, Denis (January 22, 2016). "L2/16-032: Proposal to encode two Latin characters for Mazahua" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
