Ṭa (Indic)

(Redirected from )

Ṭa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. It is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other retroflex consonants, ṭa is absent from most scripts not used for a language of India.

Ṭa
Ṭa
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseṬa
Tibetan
TamilṬa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiṬa
DevanagariṬa
Cognates
Hebrewט
GreekΘ
CyrillicѲ
Properties
Phonemic representation/ʈ/ /ɗ/B /t/C
IAST transliterationṭa Ṭa
ISCII code pointBD (189)

^B for initial value in Khmer
^C for final value in Khmer

Āryabhaṭa numeration

edit

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ट are:[1]

  • [ʈə] = 11 (११)
  • टि [ʈɪ] = 1,100 (१ १००)
  • टु [ʈʊ] = 110,000 (१ १० ०००)
  • टृ [ʈri] = 11,000,000 (१ १० ०० ०००)
  • टॢ [ʈlə] = 1,100,000,000 (१ १० ०० ०० ०००)
  • टे [ʈe] = 11×1010 (११×१०१०)
  • टै [ʈɛː] = 11×1012 (११×१०१२)
  • टो [ʈoː] = 11×1014 (११×१०१४)
  • टौ [ʈɔː] = 11×1016 (११×१०१६)

Historic Tta

edit

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Tta as found in standard Brahmi,   was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta  . The Tocharian Tta   did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of tta, in Kharoshthi ( ) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Tta

edit

The Brahmi letter  , Tta, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Teth  , and is thus related to the modern Greek Theta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Tta can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Tta historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
         

Tocharian Tta

edit

The Tocharian letter   is derived from the Brahmi  , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Tta with vowel marks
Tta Ttā Tti Ttī Ttu Ttū Ttr Ttr̄ Tte Ttai Tto Ttau Ttä
                 

Kharoṣṭhī Tta

edit

The Kharoṣṭhī letter   is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Teth  , and is thus related to Theta, in addition to the Brahmi Tta.

Devanagari script

edit

Ṭa () is the eleventh consonant of the Devanagari abugida. [3] It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , after having gone through the Gupta letter  . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘘.

Devanagari-using Languages

edit

In many languages, ट is pronounced as [ʈə] or [ʈ] when appropriate. In Marathi, ट is sometimes pronounced as [tə] or [t] in addition to [ʈə] or [ʈ]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ट with vowel marks
Ṭa Ṭā Ṭi Ṭī Ṭu Ṭū Ṭr Ṭr̄ Ṭl Ṭl̄ Ṭe Ṭai Ṭo Ṭau
टा टि टी टु टू टृ टॄ टॢ टॣ टे टै टो टौ ट्

Conjuncts with ट

edit

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ṭa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ट

edit

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form   for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa: note

 

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

 

  • प্ (p) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

 

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

 

  • Repha र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:

 

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṣṭva:

 

Stacked conjuncts of ट

edit

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (ch) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature chṭa:

 

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ḍʱṭa:

 

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ḍṭa:

 

  • द্ (d) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature dṭa:

 

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ŋṭa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭba:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + भ (bha) gives the ligature ṭbha:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭca:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + छ (cha) gives the ligature ṭcha:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭda:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭḍa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṭḍʱa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭdʱa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭga:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ṭɡʱa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭha:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭhṭa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭja:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + झ (jha) gives the ligature ṭjha:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭjña:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ṭka:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ख (kha) gives the ligature ṭkha:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭkṣa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ṭla:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ṭḷa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭna:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭŋa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ṭṇa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭña:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭpa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + फ (pha) gives the ligature ṭpha:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ṭsa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʃa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭṣa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṭta:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + थ (tha) gives the ligature ṭtha:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭṭa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature ṭṭha:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṭva:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṭya:

 

Bengali script

edit

The Bengali script ট is derived from the Siddhaṃ  , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ट. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ট will sometimes be transliterated as "tto" instead of "tta". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /t̳o/. Like all Indic consonants, ট can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ট with vowel marks
tta ttā tti ttī ttu ttū ttr ttr̄ tte ttai tto ttau tt
টা টি টী টু টূ টৃ টৄ টে টৈ টো টৌ ট্

ট in Bengali-using languages

edit

ট is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ট

edit

Bengali ট exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, and commonly shows both stacked and linear (horizontal) ligatures.[5]

  • ক্ (k) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature kṭa:

 

  • ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature kṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • ল্ (l) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature lṭa:

 

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:

 

  • ন্ (n) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature nṭa:

 

  • ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • প্ (p) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

 

  • র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa, with the repha prefix:

 

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

 

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • স্ (s) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature sṭa:

 

  • স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature sṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • ট্ (ṭ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:

 

  • ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • ট্ (ṭ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭṭa:

 

  • ট্ (ṭ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ṭva, with the va phala suffix:

 

  • ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṭya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

Gujarati Ṭa

edit
 
Gujarati Ṭa.

Ṭa () is the eleventh consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṭa   with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter  .

Gujarati-using Languages

edit

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ટ is pronounced as [ʈə] or [ʈ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ṭa Ṭā Ṭi Ṭī Ṭu Ṭū Ṭr Ṭl Ṭr̄ Ṭl̄ Ṭĕ Ṭe Ṭai Ṭŏ Ṭo Ṭau
 
Gujarati Ṭa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ટ

edit

Gujarati ટ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ṭa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ṭa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ટ (ʈa) gives the ligature RṬa:

 

  • ટ્ (ʈ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬRa:

 

  • ટ્ (ʈ) + ટ (ʈa) gives the ligature ṬṬa:

 

  • ટ્ (ʈ) + ઠ (ʈha) gives the ligature ṬṬha:

 

  • ટ્ (ʈ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ṬVa:

 

Burmese script

edit

Ta T'lin Cheik (ဋ) is the eleventh letter of the Burmese script.

Thai script

edit

Do Chada (ฎ) and To Patak (ฏ) are the fourteenth and fifteenth letters of the Thai script. As with ta and pa, the Indic letter has been split into two letters to distinguish the originally preglottalised (and now voiced) sound from the voiceless sound.

 
Do Chada

Do chada

edit

Do chada falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In IPA, do chada is pronounced as [d] at the beginning of a syllable and as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. The 20th letter of the alphabet, do dek (ด), is also named do and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and may use the pinthuan explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, chada (ชฎา) means 'headdress'. Do chada and to patak both correspond to the Devanagari character 'ट'.

 
To Patak

To patak

edit

To patak falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In IPA, to patak is pronounced as [t] at the beginning of a syllable and may not be used to close a syllable. The 21st letter of the alphabet, to tao (ต), is also named to and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and may use the pinthuan explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, patak (ปฏัก) means '(cattle) goad'. Do chada and to patak both correspond to the Devanagari character 'ट'.

Javanese script

edit

Telugu Ṭa

edit
Telugu independent and subjoined Ṭa.

Ṭa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, X remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ṭa

edit
 
Malayalam letter Ṭa

Ṭa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Grantha letter   Tta. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

 
Malayalam Tta matras: Tta, Ttā, Tti, Ttī, Ttu, Ttū, Ttr̥, Ttr̥̄, Ttl̥, Ttl̥̄, Tte, Ttē, Ttai, Tto, Ttō, Ttau, and Tt.

Conjuncts of ട

edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ക് (k) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature kṭa:

 

  • ട് (ṭ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭṭa:

 

  • ണ് (ṇ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:

 

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

 

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Te

edit

, , and are the base characters "Te", "Ti", "To" and "Ta" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant (T) is a small version of the A-series letter ᑕ, although the Western Cree letter ᐟ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for T. The character ᑌ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ट, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by rotation.[6][7] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
T + vowel
Te Ti To Ta Tay
Small - -
- Ojibway T - T Cree T
T with long vowels -
- Cree Tāi
T + W-vowels -
Twe Cree Twe Twi Cree Twi Two Cree Two Twa Cree Twa -
T + long W-vowels - -
- Twī Cree Twī Twō Cree Twō Twā Naskapi Twā Cree Twā -
Tt + vowel -
Tte Tti Tto Tta
Ty + vowel -
Tye Tyi Tyo Tya
Tth + vowel -
Tthe Tthi Ttho Ttha
Tth other - -
Tthwe - Tthoo Tthaa

Odia Ṭa

edit
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṭa.

Ṭa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Tta. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Tta with vowel matras
Tta Ttā Tti Ttī Ttu Ttū Ttr̥ Ttr̥̄ Ttl̥ Ttl̥̄ Tte Ttai Tto Ttau Tt
ଟା ଟି ଟୀ ଟୁ ଟୂ ଟୃ ଟୄ ଟୢ ଟୣ ଟେ ଟୈ ଟୋ ଟୌ ଟ୍

Conjuncts of ଟ

edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଟ୍ (ṭ) + ଟ (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭṭa:

 

Kaithi Ṭa

edit
Kaithi consonant Ṭa.

Ṭa (𑂗) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Tta. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Tta with vowel matras
Tta Ttā Tti Ttī Ttu Ttū Tte Ttai Tto Ttau Tt
𑂗 𑂗𑂰 𑂗𑂱 𑂗𑂲 𑂗𑂳 𑂗𑂴 𑂗𑂵 𑂗𑂶 𑂗𑂷 𑂗𑂸 𑂗𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂗

edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂗 (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

 

Comparison of Ṭa

edit

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṭa, are related as well.

Comparison of Ṭa in different scripts
Aramaic
 
Kharoṣṭhī
 
Ashoka Brahmi
 
Kushana Brahmi[a]
 
Tocharian[b]
 
Gupta Brahmi
 
Pallava
 
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰘
Siddhaṃ
 
Grantha
𑌟
Cham
-
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Newa
𑐚
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
 
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤖
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
-
Soyombo[d]
𑩦
Khmer
Tamil
 
Chakma
𑄑
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
-
Gaudi
-
Thai
ฏ / ฎ
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒙
New Tai Lue
-
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
 
'Phags-pa
-
Odia
Sharada
𑆛
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨔
Bengali-Assamese
 
Takri
𑚔
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠔
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘘
Gujarati
Khojki
-
Khudabadi
𑋆
Mahajani
𑅞
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
 
Nandinagari
𑦸
Kaithi
 
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊐
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
Soyombo[g]
𑩦
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵽
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴖
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ṭa

edit

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṭa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṭa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview      
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA BENGALI LETTER TTA TAMIL LETTER TTA TELUGU LETTER TTA ORIYA LETTER TTA KANNADA LETTER TTA MALAYALAM LETTER TTA GUJARATI LETTER TTA GURMUKHI LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2335 U+091F 2463 U+099F 2975 U+0B9F 3103 U+0C1F 2847 U+0B1F 3231 U+0C9F 3359 U+0D1F 2719 U+0A9F 2591 U+0A1F
UTF-8 224 164 159 E0 A4 9F 224 166 159 E0 A6 9F 224 174 159 E0 AE 9F 224 176 159 E0 B0 9F 224 172 159 E0 AC 9F 224 178 159 E0 B2 9F 224 180 159 E0 B4 9F 224 170 159 E0 AA 9F 224 168 159 E0 A8 9F
Numeric character reference ट ट ট ট ட ட ట ట ଟ ଟ ಟ ಟ ട ട ટ ટ ਟ ਟ
ISCII 189 BD 189 BD 189 BD 189 BD 189 BD 189 BD 189 BD 189 BD 189 BD


Character information
Preview
Ashoka 
Kushana 
Gupta 
    𑌟
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER TTA KHAROSHTHI LETTER TTA SIDDHAM LETTER TTA GRANTHA LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69661 U+1101D 68122 U+10A1A 71064 U+11598 70431 U+1131F
UTF-8 240 145 128 157 F0 91 80 9D 240 144 168 154 F0 90 A8 9A 240 145 150 152 F0 91 96 98 240 145 140 159 F0 91 8C 9F
UTF-16 55300 56349 D804 DC1D 55298 56858 D802 DE1A 55301 56728 D805 DD98 55300 57119 D804 DF1F
Numeric character reference 𑀝 𑀝 𐨚 𐨚 𑖘 𑖘 𑌟 𑌟


Character information
Preview 𑨔 𑐚 𑰘 𑆛
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER TTA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER TTA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTA NEWA LETTER TTA BHAIKSUKI LETTER TTA SHARADA LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3914 U+0F4A 3994 U+0F9A 72212 U+11A14 70682 U+1141A 72728 U+11C18 70043 U+1119B
UTF-8 224 189 138 E0 BD 8A 224 190 154 E0 BE 9A 240 145 168 148 F0 91 A8 94 240 145 144 154 F0 91 90 9A 240 145 176 152 F0 91 B0 98 240 145 134 155 F0 91 86 9B
UTF-16 3914 0F4A 3994 0F9A 55302 56852 D806 DE14 55301 56346 D805 DC1A 55303 56344 D807 DC18 55300 56731 D804 DD9B
Numeric character reference ཊ ཊ ྚ ྚ 𑨔 𑨔 𑐚 𑐚 𑰘 𑰘 𑆛 𑆛


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER TTA TAI THAM LETTER RATA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 4107 U+100B 6701 U+1A2D
UTF-8 225 128 139 E1 80 8B 225 168 173 E1 A8 AD
Numeric character reference ဋ ဋ ᨭ ᨭ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER DA LAO LETTER PALI TTA THAI CHARACTER TO PATAK THAI CHARACTER DO CHADA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6026 U+178A 3727 U+0E8F 3599 U+0E0F 3598 U+0E0E
UTF-8 225 158 138 E1 9E 8A 224 186 143 E0 BA 8F 224 184 143 E0 B8 8F 224 184 142 E0 B8 8E
Numeric character reference ដ ដ ຏ ຏ ฏ ฏ ฎ ฎ


Character information
Preview 𑄑 𑤖
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA TTAYANNA CHAKMA LETTER TTAA DIVES AKURU LETTER TTA SAURASHTRA LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3495 U+0DA7 69905 U+11111 71958 U+11916 43164 U+A89C
UTF-8 224 182 167 E0 B6 A7 240 145 132 145 F0 91 84 91 240 145 164 150 F0 91 A4 96 234 162 156 EA A2 9C
UTF-16 3495 0DA7 55300 56593 D804 DD11 55302 56598 D806 DD16 43164 A89C
Numeric character reference ට ට 𑄑 𑄑 𑤖 𑤖 ꢜ ꢜ


Character information
Preview 𑘘 𑦸 𑩦 𑵽  
Unicode name MODI LETTER TTA NANDINAGARI LETTER TTA SOYOMBO LETTER TTA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER TTO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TTA KAITHI LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71192 U+11618 72120 U+119B8 72294 U+11A66 43024 U+A810 73085 U+11D7D 69783 U+11097
UTF-8 240 145 152 152 F0 91 98 98 240 145 166 184 F0 91 A6 B8 240 145 169 166 F0 91 A9 A6 234 160 144 EA A0 90 240 145 181 189 F0 91 B5 BD 240 145 130 151 F0 91 82 97
UTF-16 55301 56856 D805 DE18 55302 56760 D806 DDB8 55302 56934 D806 DE66 43024 A810 55303 56701 D807 DD7D 55300 56471 D804 DC97
Numeric character reference 𑘘 𑘘 𑦸 𑦸 𑩦 𑩦 ꠐ ꠐ 𑵽 𑵽 𑂗 𑂗


Character information
Preview 𑒙
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 70809 U+11499
UTF-8 240 145 146 153 F0 91 92 99
UTF-16 55301 56473 D805 DC99
Numeric character reference 𑒙 𑒙


Character information
Preview 𑚔 𑠔 𑋆 𑅞 𑊐
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER TTA DOGRA LETTER TTA KHUDAWADI LETTER TTA MAHAJANI LETTER TTA MULTANI LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71316 U+11694 71700 U+11814 70342 U+112C6 69982 U+1115E 70288 U+11290
UTF-8 240 145 154 148 F0 91 9A 94 240 145 160 148 F0 91 A0 94 240 145 139 134 F0 91 8B 86 240 145 133 158 F0 91 85 9E 240 145 138 144 F0 91 8A 90
UTF-16 55301 56980 D805 DE94 55302 56340 D806 DC14 55300 57030 D804 DEC6 55300 56670 D804 DD5E 55300 56976 D804 DE90
Numeric character reference 𑚔 𑚔 𑠔 𑠔 𑋆 𑋆 𑅞 𑅞 𑊐 𑊐


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER TA LATIK JAVANESE LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6941 U+1B1D 43419 U+A99B
UTF-8 225 172 157 E1 AC 9D 234 166 155 EA A6 9B
Numeric character reference ᬝ ᬝ ꦛ ꦛ


Character information
Preview 𑴖
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER TTA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 72982 U+11D16
UTF-8 240 145 180 150 F0 91 B4 96
UTF-16 55303 56598 D807 DD16
Numeric character reference 𑴖 𑴖
Character information
Preview
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS TE CANADIAN SYLLABICS TI CANADIAN SYLLABICS TO CANADIAN SYLLABICS TA CANADIAN SYLLABICS T
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5196 U+144C 5198 U+144E 5200 U+1450 5205 U+1455 5222 U+1466
UTF-8 225 145 140 E1 91 8C 225 145 142 E1 91 8E 225 145 144 E1 91 90 225 145 149 E1 91 95 225 145 166 E1 91 A6
Numeric character reference ᑌ ᑌ ᑎ ᑎ ᑐ ᑐ ᑕ ᑕ ᑦ ᑦ
  • The full range of E Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges .


References

edit
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  3. ^ Bahri, Harder (2004). Hindi-Angrezi Shabdkosh. p. xiii.
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ^ Zui. "Writing in North America — Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics". The Language Closet. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  7. ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

Further reading

edit
  • Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
  • Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
  • Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
  • Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.