'Ala' al-Din al-Kasani (Arabic: علاء الدين الكاساني), known as Al-Kasani or al-Kashani, was a 12th Century Sunni Muslim Jurist who became an influential figure of the Hanafi school of Sunni jurisprudence, which has remained the most widely practiced law school in the Sunni tradition.[1]

'Ala' al-Din al-Kasani
علاء الدين الكاساني
TitleKing of the Scholars
Personal
Born
Died03 August 1191
ReligionIslam
EraIslamic Golden Age
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi
CreedMaturidi
Main interest(s)Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Aqidah (Islamic theology)
Notable work(s)Bada'i' al-Sana'i'
Muslim leader
Influenced by

He was nicknamed Malik al-'Ulama' ("King of the Scholars"). His major work entitled Bada'i' al-Sana'i' fi Tartib al-Shara'i' (Arabic: بدائع الصنائع في ترتيب الشرائع) is one of the most important Islamic legal manuals of the Hanafi tradition.[2]

Life

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Early life and marriage

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Al-Kāsānī came from the place of Kāsān (Kasansay, Kosonsoy) in the Ferghana and was a student of the Hanafi legal scholar 'Ala' al-Din al-Samarqandi (died 1144), who gave him his daughter Fatima al-Samarqandi, who was trained in fiqh, as a wife. As a bridal gift he was to gift her a commentary on the legal compendium of her father, Tuḥfat al-fuqahā.[3] The book, Bada'i As-Sana'i, was accepted as a dowry.[4]

Career

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At an unknown date, he emigrated to Asia Minor, where he worked at the court of the Rum-Seljuk Turks in Konya. Here he made an argument with another Jurist, in which he appeared so violent that the ruler Mas'ud I considered it impossible to keep him at the court. The topic of the debate was Ijtihad. His opponent accused al-Kāsānī of representing Mu'tazilite teachings. When al-Kāsānī punched his opponent, the ruler intervened and ended the discussion.[5]

Since al-Kāsānī had made himself impossible by his behavior at the court, the ruler sent him on the advice of his vizier as ambassador to Nur ad-Din Zengi at Aleppo. Here he was appointed as successor of Radī ad-Dīn as-Sarachsī (died 1149) professor of Hanafi law at the Madrasa Hallāwīya.

Later life and death

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Not much is known about his remaining life. Ali al-Qari reports that he was deeply attached to his wife Fātima. Whenever he had any doubts and erred in issuing a fatwa, she would inform him the correct judgment and explain the reason for the mistake. Although al-Kasani was a competent jurist, Fatima corrected and edited his legal opinions.[6] He visited her grave at the Abraham Sanctuary in the citadel of Aleppo every Thursday evening after her death. After his death in 1191 he was buried beside her.

Teachers

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He studied under prominent scholars, such as Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi,[7] and 'Ala' al-Din al-Samarqandi.

Students

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Among his pupils was Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi.[8][9]

Works

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Al-Kasani's main work is his handbook Bada'i' al-Sana'i' fi Tartib al-Shara'i' (Arabic: بدائع الصنائع في ترتيب الشرائع), which occupies seven volumes in the modern print edition. It is said to be the commentary al-Kāsānī wrote to the handbook of his teacher, as-Samarqandī, but it does not have the character of a commentary, but rather a strictly systematic account of the various legal domains. Al-Kāsānī begins each chapter with an outline in which he explains which subjects he intends to deal with. However, despite its methodological clarity, the work had no major impact on the development of Hanafi law for a certain period of time. In contrast to the "Al-Hidayah" of his contemporary al-Marghinānī it has never been commented on. Only the appearance of the modern print edition in the early 20th century has given the work greater attention. Since then, it has been of central importance in the Hanafi Academic Institutions.[10]

In addition to the Badā'i al-Kāsānī has also written a Qur'an commentary, preserved as a manuscript.[11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Bada'i al-Sana'i fi Tartib al-Shara'i: Imam Al-Kasani".
  2. ^ Suha Taji-Farouki (2006). Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Qur'an. Institute of Ismaili Studies. p. 251. ISBN 9780197200032.
  3. ^ Abdullah, Umar Farooq. "The Empowering Jurist: Fatima al-Samarqandi". MSA McGill. Muslim Students' Association. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  4. ^ "Fatima bint Mohammed ibn Ahmad Al Samarqandi". Mosaic: Recognizing extraordinary Muslim women. October 3, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  5. ^ Vgl. al-Qārī: al-A'mār al-'anīya. Bl. 88a.
  6. ^ Nadwi, Mohammad Akram (2007). Al Muhaddithat: the women scholars in Islam. London: Interface Publishers. p. 144. ISBN 978-0955454516.
  7. ^ "Bahr al-Kalam fi 'ilm al-Tawhid (بَحْرُ الكَلَام في علم التوحيد) by Imam Abi al-Ma'in al-Nasafi". Looh Press; Islamic & African Studies. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  8. ^ "Al-Hawi al-Qudsi fi Furu' al-Fiqh al-Hanafi by Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi". Looh Press. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  9. ^ "Kitab Usul al-Din by Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi". Islam786books.
  10. ^ Vgl. Heffening, de Bellefonds 690b.
  11. ^ Vgl. Brockelmann: Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. 1943, S. 465.
Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(570–632 the Constitution of Medina, taught the Quran, and advised his companions
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Alqama ibn Qays (died 681) taughtHusayn ibn Ali (626–680) taughtQasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (657–725) taught and raised by AishaUrwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taughtSaid ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taughtAbdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taughtAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught
Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taughtAli ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (659–712) taughtHisham ibn Urwah (667–772) taughtIbn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 741) taughtSalim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taughtUmar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar
Hammad bin ibi Sulman taughtMuhammad al-Baqir (676–733) taughtFarwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother
Abu Hanifa (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah and originally by the Fatimid and taughtZayd ibn Ali (695–740)Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by Shia, he taughtMalik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taughtAl-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn AnasAbu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas
Abu Yusuf (729–798) wrote Usul al-fiqhMuhammad al-Shaybani (749–805)al-Shafi‘i (767–820) wrote Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taughtIsmail ibn IbrahimAli ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the CompanionsIbn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography
Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775)Musa al-Kadhim (745–799)Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith booksMuhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith booksMuslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815–875) wrote Sahih Muslim hadith booksDawud al-Zahiri (815–883/4) founded the Zahiri schoolMuhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (824–892) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith booksAl-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles
Ibn Majah (824–887) wrote Sunan ibn Majah hadith bookAbu Dawood (817–889) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book
Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864- 941) wrote Kitab al-Kafi hadith book followed by Twelver ShiaMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote History of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-TabariAbu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna
Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver ShiaSharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver ShiaNasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismaili and Twelver ShiaAl-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Alchemy of Happiness on SufismRumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism
Key: Some of Muhammad's CompanionsKey: Taught in MedinaKey: Taught in IraqKey: Worked in SyriaKey: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadithKey: Worked in Persia